Sambucus nigra L. – przegląd badań naukowych Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
mar 31, 2019
Słowa kluczowe:
bez czarny, badania naukowe, terapia
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Abstrakt
Bez czarny (Sambucus nigra L.) należy do popularnych farmaceutyków pochodzenia naturalnego. Wykorzystywany jest głównie w terapii infekcji górnych dróg oddechowych, wykazuje jednak znacznie szersze możliwości terapeutyczne. Liczba opracowań dotyczących medycznego wykorzystania rośliny przekracza 150 publikacji opisujących 41 wskazań leczniczych. W opracowaniu przedstawiono najciekawsze z nich wraz z analizą wybranych prac badawczych.
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Jak cytować
Sapilak , B. J. (2019). Sambucus nigra L. – przegląd badań naukowych . Medycyna Faktów , 12(1(42), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0119.3
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Artykuły
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Bibliografia
1. Ulbricht C., Basch E., Cheung L.: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Elderberry and Elderflower (Sambucus nigra) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J. Diet Suppl. 2014; 11(1): 80-120.
2. Lamer-Zarawska E., Kowal-Gierczak B., Niedworok J.: Fitoterapia i leki roślinne. Wyd. I. PZWL, Warszawa 2007.
3. Lewkowicz-Mosiej T.: Leksykon roślin leczniczych. Wyd. I. Świat Książki, Warszawa 2003.
4. Mascolo N., Autore G., Capasso F. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother. Res. 1987; 1: 28.
5. Simonyi A., Chen Z., Jiang J. et al.: Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components. Life Sci. 2015; 128: 30-38.
6. Frøkiær H., Henningsen L., Metzdorff S.B. et al.: Astragalus root and elderberry fruit extracts enhance the IFN-β stimulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in murine-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7(10): e47878.
7. Jiang J.M., Zong Y., Chuang D.Y. et al.: Effects of Elderberry Juice from Different Genotypes on Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells. Acta Hortic 2015; 1061: 281-288.
8. Ho G.T., Wangensteen H., Barsett H.: Elderberry and Elderflower Extracts, Phenolic Compounds, and Metabolites and Their Effect on Complement, RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(3): 584.
9. Haas H., Falcone F.H., Schramm G. et al.: Dietary lectins can induce in vitro release of IL-4 and IL-13 from human basophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 1999; 29(3): 918-927.
10. Harokopakis E., Albzreh M.H., Haase E.M. et al.: Inhibition of proinflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens by aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra). J. Periodontol. 2006; 77(2): 271-279.
11. Timoshenko A.V., Cherenkevich S.N.: H2O2 generation and human neutrophil aggregation as affected by lectins. Gematol. Transfuziol. 1995; 40(4): 32-35.
12. Bradley P.R.: British Herbal Compendium. Wyd. I. 1992.
13. Bisset N.G.: Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press 1994.
14. Blumenthal M.: The complete German Commission E monographs, Austin, TX, American Botanical Council 1998.
15. Bisset N.G., Wichtl M.: Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Wyd. II. 2001.
16. Kolmunzer S.: Farmakognozja. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
17. Izzo A.A., di Carl G., Biscardi D. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Phytother. Res. 1995; 9: 281.
18. Hearst C., McCollum G.A., Nelson D. et al.: Antibacterial activity of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower or berry against hospital pathogens. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4: 1809.
19. Krawitz C., Mraheil M.A., Stein M. et al.: Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2011; 11: 16.
20. Álvarez C.A., Barriga A., Albericio F. et al.: Identification of Peptides in Flowers of Sambucus nigra with Antimicrobial Activity against Aquaculture Pathogens. Molecules 2018; 23(5): 1033.
21. Neubauer N., Marz R.W.: Placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial with Sinupret sugar coated tablets on the basis of a therapy with antibiotics and decongestant nasal drops in acute sinusitis. Phytomedicine 1994; 1(3): 177-181.
22. Tiralongo E., Wee S.S., Lea R.A.: Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8(4): 182.
23. Zakay-Rones Z., Varsano N., Zlotnik M. et al.: Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 1995; 1: 361-369.
24. Kong F.K.: Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacokin. 2009; 5: 32.
25. Zakay-Rones Z., Thom E., Wollan T., Wadstein J.: Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J. Int. Med. Res. 2004; 32(2): 132-140.
26. Shahsavandi S., Ebrahimi M.M., Hasaninejad Farahani A.: Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By Sambucus Nigra. Iran J. Pharm. Res. 2017; 16(3): 1147-1154.
27. Roschek B. Jr., Fink R.C., McMichael M.D. et al.: Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 1255-1261.
28. Catchpole A., Balasingam S.: Virucidal activicity of black elderberry extract (Sambucol Original and Immuno Forte) against attenuated swH1N1 Swine Flu. Eur. J. Nutr. Res.
29. Balasingam S., Lambkin R., Safirman D. et al.: Neutralizing Activity of Sambucol® against avian NIBRG-14 (H5N1) Influenza Virus, St. Bartholomew’s & The Royal Londol School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of London, Conference. Bird Flu: The First Pandemic of the 21st Century. A Central Role For Antivirals.
30. Saphira-Nahor O., Zakay-Rones Z., Mumcuoglu M.: The effects of Sambucol on HIV infection in vitro. Annual Israel Congress of Microbiology 1995.
31. Konlee M.: A new triple combination therapy. Posit. Health News 1998; (17): 12-14.
32. Chen C., Zuckerman D.M., Brantley S. et al.: Sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication. BMC Vet. Res. 2014; 10: 24. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-24.
33. Serkedjieva J., Manolova N., Zgorniak-Nowosielska I. et al.: Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 97-100.
34. Vlachojannis J.E., Cameron M., Chrubasik S.: A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother. Res. 2010; 24(1): 1-8.
35. Roxas M., Jurenka J.: Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev. 2007; 12(1): 25-48.
36. Barak V., Halperin T., Kalickman I.: The effect of Sambucol®, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2001; 12: 290.
37. Barak V., Birkenfeld S., Halperin T. et al.: The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Israel Med. Assoc. J. 2004; 4: 919.
38. Waknine-Grinberg J.H., El-On J., Barak V. et al.: The immunomodulatory effect of Sambucol on leishmanial and malarial infections. Planta Med. 2009; 75: 581.
39. Rebuelta M., Vivas L.S., Roman M. et al.: Étude de l’effet diurétique de différentes préparations des fleurs du Sambucus nigra. L. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie 1983; 3: 173.
40. Beaux D., Fleurentin J., Mortier F.: Effect of Extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in Rats. Phytother. Res. 1999; 13: 222.
41. Ferreras J.M., Citores L., Iglesias R. et al.: Use of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Sambucus for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3(5): 420-441.
42. Rugină D., Hanganu D., Diaconeasa Z. et al.: Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Potential of Cyanidin-Based Anthocyanins on Melanoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(5): 949.
43. Strugała P., Loi S., Bażanów B. et al.: A Comprehensive Study on the Biological Activity of Elderberry Extract and Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside and Their Interactions with Membranes and Human Serum Albumin. Molecules 2018; 23(10): 2566.
44. de Benito F.M., Iglesias R., Ferreras J.M. et al.: Constitutive and inducible type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). FEBS Lett. 1998; 428(1-2): 75-79.
45. Lukash L.L., Karpova I.S., Miroshnichenko O.S. et al.: The effect of the lectin from Sambucus nigra inflorescences on spontaneous and alkylating agentinduced mutagenesis in mammalian somatic cells. Tsitol. Genet. 1997; 31(5): 52-60.
46. Emig S., Schmalz D., Shakibaei M. et al.: The nuclear pore complex protein p62 is one of several sialic acid-containing proteins of the nuclear envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270(23): 13787-13793.
47. Gray A.M., Abdel-Wahab Y.H., Flatt P.R.: The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J. Nutr. 2000; 130(1): 15-20.
48. Salvador Â.C., Król E., Lemos V.C. et al.: Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016; 18(1): 13.
49. Raafat K., El-Lakany A.: Acute and subchronic in-vivo effects of Ferula hermonis L. and Sambucus nigra L. and their potential active isolates in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2015; 15: 257.
50. Badescu L., Badulescu O., Badescu M. et al.: Mechanism by Sambucus nigra Extract Improves Bone Mineral Density in Experimental Diabetes. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2012; 2012: 848269.
51. Yeh G.Y., Eisenberg D.M., Kaptchuk T.J. et al.: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(4): 1277-1294.
52. Swanston-Flatt S.K., Day C., Flatt P.R. et al.: Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res. 1989; 10(2): 69-73.
53. Murkovic M., Abuja P.M., Bergmann A.R. et al.: Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004; 58(2): 244-249.
54. Abuja P.M., Murkovic M., Pfannhauser W.: Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract in low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998; 46: 4091-4096.
55. Youdim K.A., Martin A., Joseph J.A.: Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 29(1): 51-60.
56. Viapiana A., Wesolowski M.: The Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2017; 72(1): 82-87.
57. Cao G., Prior R.L.: Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract. Clin. Chem. 1999; 45(4): 574-576.
2. Lamer-Zarawska E., Kowal-Gierczak B., Niedworok J.: Fitoterapia i leki roślinne. Wyd. I. PZWL, Warszawa 2007.
3. Lewkowicz-Mosiej T.: Leksykon roślin leczniczych. Wyd. I. Świat Książki, Warszawa 2003.
4. Mascolo N., Autore G., Capasso F. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother. Res. 1987; 1: 28.
5. Simonyi A., Chen Z., Jiang J. et al.: Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components. Life Sci. 2015; 128: 30-38.
6. Frøkiær H., Henningsen L., Metzdorff S.B. et al.: Astragalus root and elderberry fruit extracts enhance the IFN-β stimulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in murine-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7(10): e47878.
7. Jiang J.M., Zong Y., Chuang D.Y. et al.: Effects of Elderberry Juice from Different Genotypes on Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells. Acta Hortic 2015; 1061: 281-288.
8. Ho G.T., Wangensteen H., Barsett H.: Elderberry and Elderflower Extracts, Phenolic Compounds, and Metabolites and Their Effect on Complement, RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(3): 584.
9. Haas H., Falcone F.H., Schramm G. et al.: Dietary lectins can induce in vitro release of IL-4 and IL-13 from human basophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 1999; 29(3): 918-927.
10. Harokopakis E., Albzreh M.H., Haase E.M. et al.: Inhibition of proinflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens by aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra). J. Periodontol. 2006; 77(2): 271-279.
11. Timoshenko A.V., Cherenkevich S.N.: H2O2 generation and human neutrophil aggregation as affected by lectins. Gematol. Transfuziol. 1995; 40(4): 32-35.
12. Bradley P.R.: British Herbal Compendium. Wyd. I. 1992.
13. Bisset N.G.: Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press 1994.
14. Blumenthal M.: The complete German Commission E monographs, Austin, TX, American Botanical Council 1998.
15. Bisset N.G., Wichtl M.: Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Wyd. II. 2001.
16. Kolmunzer S.: Farmakognozja. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
17. Izzo A.A., di Carl G., Biscardi D. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Phytother. Res. 1995; 9: 281.
18. Hearst C., McCollum G.A., Nelson D. et al.: Antibacterial activity of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower or berry against hospital pathogens. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4: 1809.
19. Krawitz C., Mraheil M.A., Stein M. et al.: Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2011; 11: 16.
20. Álvarez C.A., Barriga A., Albericio F. et al.: Identification of Peptides in Flowers of Sambucus nigra with Antimicrobial Activity against Aquaculture Pathogens. Molecules 2018; 23(5): 1033.
21. Neubauer N., Marz R.W.: Placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial with Sinupret sugar coated tablets on the basis of a therapy with antibiotics and decongestant nasal drops in acute sinusitis. Phytomedicine 1994; 1(3): 177-181.
22. Tiralongo E., Wee S.S., Lea R.A.: Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8(4): 182.
23. Zakay-Rones Z., Varsano N., Zlotnik M. et al.: Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 1995; 1: 361-369.
24. Kong F.K.: Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacokin. 2009; 5: 32.
25. Zakay-Rones Z., Thom E., Wollan T., Wadstein J.: Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J. Int. Med. Res. 2004; 32(2): 132-140.
26. Shahsavandi S., Ebrahimi M.M., Hasaninejad Farahani A.: Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By Sambucus Nigra. Iran J. Pharm. Res. 2017; 16(3): 1147-1154.
27. Roschek B. Jr., Fink R.C., McMichael M.D. et al.: Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 1255-1261.
28. Catchpole A., Balasingam S.: Virucidal activicity of black elderberry extract (Sambucol Original and Immuno Forte) against attenuated swH1N1 Swine Flu. Eur. J. Nutr. Res.
29. Balasingam S., Lambkin R., Safirman D. et al.: Neutralizing Activity of Sambucol® against avian NIBRG-14 (H5N1) Influenza Virus, St. Bartholomew’s & The Royal Londol School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of London, Conference. Bird Flu: The First Pandemic of the 21st Century. A Central Role For Antivirals.
30. Saphira-Nahor O., Zakay-Rones Z., Mumcuoglu M.: The effects of Sambucol on HIV infection in vitro. Annual Israel Congress of Microbiology 1995.
31. Konlee M.: A new triple combination therapy. Posit. Health News 1998; (17): 12-14.
32. Chen C., Zuckerman D.M., Brantley S. et al.: Sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication. BMC Vet. Res. 2014; 10: 24. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-24.
33. Serkedjieva J., Manolova N., Zgorniak-Nowosielska I. et al.: Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 97-100.
34. Vlachojannis J.E., Cameron M., Chrubasik S.: A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother. Res. 2010; 24(1): 1-8.
35. Roxas M., Jurenka J.: Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev. 2007; 12(1): 25-48.
36. Barak V., Halperin T., Kalickman I.: The effect of Sambucol®, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2001; 12: 290.
37. Barak V., Birkenfeld S., Halperin T. et al.: The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Israel Med. Assoc. J. 2004; 4: 919.
38. Waknine-Grinberg J.H., El-On J., Barak V. et al.: The immunomodulatory effect of Sambucol on leishmanial and malarial infections. Planta Med. 2009; 75: 581.
39. Rebuelta M., Vivas L.S., Roman M. et al.: Étude de l’effet diurétique de différentes préparations des fleurs du Sambucus nigra. L. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie 1983; 3: 173.
40. Beaux D., Fleurentin J., Mortier F.: Effect of Extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in Rats. Phytother. Res. 1999; 13: 222.
41. Ferreras J.M., Citores L., Iglesias R. et al.: Use of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Sambucus for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3(5): 420-441.
42. Rugină D., Hanganu D., Diaconeasa Z. et al.: Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Potential of Cyanidin-Based Anthocyanins on Melanoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(5): 949.
43. Strugała P., Loi S., Bażanów B. et al.: A Comprehensive Study on the Biological Activity of Elderberry Extract and Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside and Their Interactions with Membranes and Human Serum Albumin. Molecules 2018; 23(10): 2566.
44. de Benito F.M., Iglesias R., Ferreras J.M. et al.: Constitutive and inducible type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). FEBS Lett. 1998; 428(1-2): 75-79.
45. Lukash L.L., Karpova I.S., Miroshnichenko O.S. et al.: The effect of the lectin from Sambucus nigra inflorescences on spontaneous and alkylating agentinduced mutagenesis in mammalian somatic cells. Tsitol. Genet. 1997; 31(5): 52-60.
46. Emig S., Schmalz D., Shakibaei M. et al.: The nuclear pore complex protein p62 is one of several sialic acid-containing proteins of the nuclear envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270(23): 13787-13793.
47. Gray A.M., Abdel-Wahab Y.H., Flatt P.R.: The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J. Nutr. 2000; 130(1): 15-20.
48. Salvador Â.C., Król E., Lemos V.C. et al.: Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016; 18(1): 13.
49. Raafat K., El-Lakany A.: Acute and subchronic in-vivo effects of Ferula hermonis L. and Sambucus nigra L. and their potential active isolates in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2015; 15: 257.
50. Badescu L., Badulescu O., Badescu M. et al.: Mechanism by Sambucus nigra Extract Improves Bone Mineral Density in Experimental Diabetes. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2012; 2012: 848269.
51. Yeh G.Y., Eisenberg D.M., Kaptchuk T.J. et al.: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(4): 1277-1294.
52. Swanston-Flatt S.K., Day C., Flatt P.R. et al.: Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res. 1989; 10(2): 69-73.
53. Murkovic M., Abuja P.M., Bergmann A.R. et al.: Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004; 58(2): 244-249.
54. Abuja P.M., Murkovic M., Pfannhauser W.: Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract in low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998; 46: 4091-4096.
55. Youdim K.A., Martin A., Joseph J.A.: Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 29(1): 51-60.
56. Viapiana A., Wesolowski M.: The Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2017; 72(1): 82-87.
57. Cao G., Prior R.L.: Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract. Clin. Chem. 1999; 45(4): 574-576.