Sambucus nigra L. – review of scientific studies Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2019
Keywords:
elderberry, scientific research, therapy
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Abstract
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) belongs to the popular pharmaceutical drugs of natural origin. It is mainly used in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, however it has wider therapeutic potential. The number of medical studies on elderberry exceeds 150 publications describing 41 therapeutic indications. In the work the most interesting of them are presented along with the analysis of selected papers.
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How to Cite
Sapilak , B. J. (2019). Sambucus nigra L. – review of scientific studies. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 12(1(42), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0119.3
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References
1. Ulbricht C., Basch E., Cheung L.: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Elderberry and Elderflower (Sambucus nigra) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J. Diet Suppl. 2014; 11(1): 80-120.
2. Lamer-Zarawska E., Kowal-Gierczak B., Niedworok J.: Fitoterapia i leki roślinne. Wyd. I. PZWL, Warszawa 2007.
3. Lewkowicz-Mosiej T.: Leksykon roślin leczniczych. Wyd. I. Świat Książki, Warszawa 2003.
4. Mascolo N., Autore G., Capasso F. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother. Res. 1987; 1: 28.
5. Simonyi A., Chen Z., Jiang J. et al.: Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components. Life Sci. 2015; 128: 30-38.
6. Frøkiær H., Henningsen L., Metzdorff S.B. et al.: Astragalus root and elderberry fruit extracts enhance the IFN-β stimulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in murine-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7(10): e47878.
7. Jiang J.M., Zong Y., Chuang D.Y. et al.: Effects of Elderberry Juice from Different Genotypes on Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells. Acta Hortic 2015; 1061: 281-288.
8. Ho G.T., Wangensteen H., Barsett H.: Elderberry and Elderflower Extracts, Phenolic Compounds, and Metabolites and Their Effect on Complement, RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(3): 584.
9. Haas H., Falcone F.H., Schramm G. et al.: Dietary lectins can induce in vitro release of IL-4 and IL-13 from human basophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 1999; 29(3): 918-927.
10. Harokopakis E., Albzreh M.H., Haase E.M. et al.: Inhibition of proinflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens by aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra). J. Periodontol. 2006; 77(2): 271-279.
11. Timoshenko A.V., Cherenkevich S.N.: H2O2 generation and human neutrophil aggregation as affected by lectins. Gematol. Transfuziol. 1995; 40(4): 32-35.
12. Bradley P.R.: British Herbal Compendium. Wyd. I. 1992.
13. Bisset N.G.: Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press 1994.
14. Blumenthal M.: The complete German Commission E monographs, Austin, TX, American Botanical Council 1998.
15. Bisset N.G., Wichtl M.: Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Wyd. II. 2001.
16. Kolmunzer S.: Farmakognozja. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
17. Izzo A.A., di Carl G., Biscardi D. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Phytother. Res. 1995; 9: 281.
18. Hearst C., McCollum G.A., Nelson D. et al.: Antibacterial activity of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower or berry against hospital pathogens. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4: 1809.
19. Krawitz C., Mraheil M.A., Stein M. et al.: Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2011; 11: 16.
20. Álvarez C.A., Barriga A., Albericio F. et al.: Identification of Peptides in Flowers of Sambucus nigra with Antimicrobial Activity against Aquaculture Pathogens. Molecules 2018; 23(5): 1033.
21. Neubauer N., Marz R.W.: Placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial with Sinupret sugar coated tablets on the basis of a therapy with antibiotics and decongestant nasal drops in acute sinusitis. Phytomedicine 1994; 1(3): 177-181.
22. Tiralongo E., Wee S.S., Lea R.A.: Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8(4): 182.
23. Zakay-Rones Z., Varsano N., Zlotnik M. et al.: Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 1995; 1: 361-369.
24. Kong F.K.: Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacokin. 2009; 5: 32.
25. Zakay-Rones Z., Thom E., Wollan T., Wadstein J.: Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J. Int. Med. Res. 2004; 32(2): 132-140.
26. Shahsavandi S., Ebrahimi M.M., Hasaninejad Farahani A.: Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By Sambucus Nigra. Iran J. Pharm. Res. 2017; 16(3): 1147-1154.
27. Roschek B. Jr., Fink R.C., McMichael M.D. et al.: Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 1255-1261.
28. Catchpole A., Balasingam S.: Virucidal activicity of black elderberry extract (Sambucol Original and Immuno Forte) against attenuated swH1N1 Swine Flu. Eur. J. Nutr. Res.
29. Balasingam S., Lambkin R., Safirman D. et al.: Neutralizing Activity of Sambucol® against avian NIBRG-14 (H5N1) Influenza Virus, St. Bartholomew’s & The Royal Londol School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of London, Conference. Bird Flu: The First Pandemic of the 21st Century. A Central Role For Antivirals.
30. Saphira-Nahor O., Zakay-Rones Z., Mumcuoglu M.: The effects of Sambucol on HIV infection in vitro. Annual Israel Congress of Microbiology 1995.
31. Konlee M.: A new triple combination therapy. Posit. Health News 1998; (17): 12-14.
32. Chen C., Zuckerman D.M., Brantley S. et al.: Sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication. BMC Vet. Res. 2014; 10: 24. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-24.
33. Serkedjieva J., Manolova N., Zgorniak-Nowosielska I. et al.: Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 97-100.
34. Vlachojannis J.E., Cameron M., Chrubasik S.: A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother. Res. 2010; 24(1): 1-8.
35. Roxas M., Jurenka J.: Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev. 2007; 12(1): 25-48.
36. Barak V., Halperin T., Kalickman I.: The effect of Sambucol®, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2001; 12: 290.
37. Barak V., Birkenfeld S., Halperin T. et al.: The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Israel Med. Assoc. J. 2004; 4: 919.
38. Waknine-Grinberg J.H., El-On J., Barak V. et al.: The immunomodulatory effect of Sambucol on leishmanial and malarial infections. Planta Med. 2009; 75: 581.
39. Rebuelta M., Vivas L.S., Roman M. et al.: Étude de l’effet diurétique de différentes préparations des fleurs du Sambucus nigra. L. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie 1983; 3: 173.
40. Beaux D., Fleurentin J., Mortier F.: Effect of Extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in Rats. Phytother. Res. 1999; 13: 222.
41. Ferreras J.M., Citores L., Iglesias R. et al.: Use of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Sambucus for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3(5): 420-441.
42. Rugină D., Hanganu D., Diaconeasa Z. et al.: Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Potential of Cyanidin-Based Anthocyanins on Melanoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(5): 949.
43. Strugała P., Loi S., Bażanów B. et al.: A Comprehensive Study on the Biological Activity of Elderberry Extract and Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside and Their Interactions with Membranes and Human Serum Albumin. Molecules 2018; 23(10): 2566.
44. de Benito F.M., Iglesias R., Ferreras J.M. et al.: Constitutive and inducible type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). FEBS Lett. 1998; 428(1-2): 75-79.
45. Lukash L.L., Karpova I.S., Miroshnichenko O.S. et al.: The effect of the lectin from Sambucus nigra inflorescences on spontaneous and alkylating agentinduced mutagenesis in mammalian somatic cells. Tsitol. Genet. 1997; 31(5): 52-60.
46. Emig S., Schmalz D., Shakibaei M. et al.: The nuclear pore complex protein p62 is one of several sialic acid-containing proteins of the nuclear envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270(23): 13787-13793.
47. Gray A.M., Abdel-Wahab Y.H., Flatt P.R.: The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J. Nutr. 2000; 130(1): 15-20.
48. Salvador Â.C., Król E., Lemos V.C. et al.: Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016; 18(1): 13.
49. Raafat K., El-Lakany A.: Acute and subchronic in-vivo effects of Ferula hermonis L. and Sambucus nigra L. and their potential active isolates in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2015; 15: 257.
50. Badescu L., Badulescu O., Badescu M. et al.: Mechanism by Sambucus nigra Extract Improves Bone Mineral Density in Experimental Diabetes. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2012; 2012: 848269.
51. Yeh G.Y., Eisenberg D.M., Kaptchuk T.J. et al.: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(4): 1277-1294.
52. Swanston-Flatt S.K., Day C., Flatt P.R. et al.: Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res. 1989; 10(2): 69-73.
53. Murkovic M., Abuja P.M., Bergmann A.R. et al.: Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004; 58(2): 244-249.
54. Abuja P.M., Murkovic M., Pfannhauser W.: Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract in low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998; 46: 4091-4096.
55. Youdim K.A., Martin A., Joseph J.A.: Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 29(1): 51-60.
56. Viapiana A., Wesolowski M.: The Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2017; 72(1): 82-87.
57. Cao G., Prior R.L.: Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract. Clin. Chem. 1999; 45(4): 574-576.
2. Lamer-Zarawska E., Kowal-Gierczak B., Niedworok J.: Fitoterapia i leki roślinne. Wyd. I. PZWL, Warszawa 2007.
3. Lewkowicz-Mosiej T.: Leksykon roślin leczniczych. Wyd. I. Świat Książki, Warszawa 2003.
4. Mascolo N., Autore G., Capasso F. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antiinflammatory activity. Phytother. Res. 1987; 1: 28.
5. Simonyi A., Chen Z., Jiang J. et al.: Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components. Life Sci. 2015; 128: 30-38.
6. Frøkiær H., Henningsen L., Metzdorff S.B. et al.: Astragalus root and elderberry fruit extracts enhance the IFN-β stimulatory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in murine-derived dendritic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7(10): e47878.
7. Jiang J.M., Zong Y., Chuang D.Y. et al.: Effects of Elderberry Juice from Different Genotypes on Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Microglial Cells. Acta Hortic 2015; 1061: 281-288.
8. Ho G.T., Wangensteen H., Barsett H.: Elderberry and Elderflower Extracts, Phenolic Compounds, and Metabolites and Their Effect on Complement, RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(3): 584.
9. Haas H., Falcone F.H., Schramm G. et al.: Dietary lectins can induce in vitro release of IL-4 and IL-13 from human basophils. Eur. J. Immunol. 1999; 29(3): 918-927.
10. Harokopakis E., Albzreh M.H., Haase E.M. et al.: Inhibition of proinflammatory activities of major periodontal pathogens by aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra). J. Periodontol. 2006; 77(2): 271-279.
11. Timoshenko A.V., Cherenkevich S.N.: H2O2 generation and human neutrophil aggregation as affected by lectins. Gematol. Transfuziol. 1995; 40(4): 32-35.
12. Bradley P.R.: British Herbal Compendium. Wyd. I. 1992.
13. Bisset N.G.: Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press 1994.
14. Blumenthal M.: The complete German Commission E monographs, Austin, TX, American Botanical Council 1998.
15. Bisset N.G., Wichtl M.: Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Wyd. II. 2001.
16. Kolmunzer S.: Farmakognozja. PZWL, Warszawa 1998.
17. Izzo A.A., di Carl G., Biscardi D. et al.: Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Phytother. Res. 1995; 9: 281.
18. Hearst C., McCollum G.A., Nelson D. et al.: Antibacterial activity of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower or berry against hospital pathogens. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010; 4: 1809.
19. Krawitz C., Mraheil M.A., Stein M. et al.: Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2011; 11: 16.
20. Álvarez C.A., Barriga A., Albericio F. et al.: Identification of Peptides in Flowers of Sambucus nigra with Antimicrobial Activity against Aquaculture Pathogens. Molecules 2018; 23(5): 1033.
21. Neubauer N., Marz R.W.: Placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial with Sinupret sugar coated tablets on the basis of a therapy with antibiotics and decongestant nasal drops in acute sinusitis. Phytomedicine 1994; 1(3): 177-181.
22. Tiralongo E., Wee S.S., Lea R.A.: Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8(4): 182.
23. Zakay-Rones Z., Varsano N., Zlotnik M. et al.: Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 1995; 1: 361-369.
24. Kong F.K.: Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacokin. 2009; 5: 32.
25. Zakay-Rones Z., Thom E., Wollan T., Wadstein J.: Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J. Int. Med. Res. 2004; 32(2): 132-140.
26. Shahsavandi S., Ebrahimi M.M., Hasaninejad Farahani A.: Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By Sambucus Nigra. Iran J. Pharm. Res. 2017; 16(3): 1147-1154.
27. Roschek B. Jr., Fink R.C., McMichael M.D. et al.: Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 2009; 70: 1255-1261.
28. Catchpole A., Balasingam S.: Virucidal activicity of black elderberry extract (Sambucol Original and Immuno Forte) against attenuated swH1N1 Swine Flu. Eur. J. Nutr. Res.
29. Balasingam S., Lambkin R., Safirman D. et al.: Neutralizing Activity of Sambucol® against avian NIBRG-14 (H5N1) Influenza Virus, St. Bartholomew’s & The Royal Londol School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of London, Conference. Bird Flu: The First Pandemic of the 21st Century. A Central Role For Antivirals.
30. Saphira-Nahor O., Zakay-Rones Z., Mumcuoglu M.: The effects of Sambucol on HIV infection in vitro. Annual Israel Congress of Microbiology 1995.
31. Konlee M.: A new triple combination therapy. Posit. Health News 1998; (17): 12-14.
32. Chen C., Zuckerman D.M., Brantley S. et al.: Sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication. BMC Vet. Res. 2014; 10: 24. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-24.
33. Serkedjieva J., Manolova N., Zgorniak-Nowosielska I. et al.: Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother. Res. 1990; 4(3): 97-100.
34. Vlachojannis J.E., Cameron M., Chrubasik S.: A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother. Res. 2010; 24(1): 1-8.
35. Roxas M., Jurenka J.: Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev. 2007; 12(1): 25-48.
36. Barak V., Halperin T., Kalickman I.: The effect of Sambucol®, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2001; 12: 290.
37. Barak V., Birkenfeld S., Halperin T. et al.: The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Israel Med. Assoc. J. 2004; 4: 919.
38. Waknine-Grinberg J.H., El-On J., Barak V. et al.: The immunomodulatory effect of Sambucol on leishmanial and malarial infections. Planta Med. 2009; 75: 581.
39. Rebuelta M., Vivas L.S., Roman M. et al.: Étude de l’effet diurétique de différentes préparations des fleurs du Sambucus nigra. L. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie 1983; 3: 173.
40. Beaux D., Fleurentin J., Mortier F.: Effect of Extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in Rats. Phytother. Res. 1999; 13: 222.
41. Ferreras J.M., Citores L., Iglesias R. et al.: Use of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Sambucus for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3(5): 420-441.
42. Rugină D., Hanganu D., Diaconeasa Z. et al.: Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Potential of Cyanidin-Based Anthocyanins on Melanoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017; 18(5): 949.
43. Strugała P., Loi S., Bażanów B. et al.: A Comprehensive Study on the Biological Activity of Elderberry Extract and Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside and Their Interactions with Membranes and Human Serum Albumin. Molecules 2018; 23(10): 2566.
44. de Benito F.M., Iglesias R., Ferreras J.M. et al.: Constitutive and inducible type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). FEBS Lett. 1998; 428(1-2): 75-79.
45. Lukash L.L., Karpova I.S., Miroshnichenko O.S. et al.: The effect of the lectin from Sambucus nigra inflorescences on spontaneous and alkylating agentinduced mutagenesis in mammalian somatic cells. Tsitol. Genet. 1997; 31(5): 52-60.
46. Emig S., Schmalz D., Shakibaei M. et al.: The nuclear pore complex protein p62 is one of several sialic acid-containing proteins of the nuclear envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270(23): 13787-13793.
47. Gray A.M., Abdel-Wahab Y.H., Flatt P.R.: The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J. Nutr. 2000; 130(1): 15-20.
48. Salvador Â.C., Król E., Lemos V.C. et al.: Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Extract Supplementation in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016; 18(1): 13.
49. Raafat K., El-Lakany A.: Acute and subchronic in-vivo effects of Ferula hermonis L. and Sambucus nigra L. and their potential active isolates in a diabetic mouse model of neuropathic pain. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2015; 15: 257.
50. Badescu L., Badulescu O., Badescu M. et al.: Mechanism by Sambucus nigra Extract Improves Bone Mineral Density in Experimental Diabetes. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2012; 2012: 848269.
51. Yeh G.Y., Eisenberg D.M., Kaptchuk T.J. et al.: Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(4): 1277-1294.
52. Swanston-Flatt S.K., Day C., Flatt P.R. et al.: Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res. 1989; 10(2): 69-73.
53. Murkovic M., Abuja P.M., Bergmann A.R. et al.: Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004; 58(2): 244-249.
54. Abuja P.M., Murkovic M., Pfannhauser W.: Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract in low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998; 46: 4091-4096.
55. Youdim K.A., Martin A., Joseph J.A.: Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 29(1): 51-60.
56. Viapiana A., Wesolowski M.: The Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2017; 72(1): 82-87.
57. Cao G., Prior R.L.: Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract. Clin. Chem. 1999; 45(4): 574-576.