Vaccinations and multiple sclerosis Review article
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Published:
Jun 30, 2021
Keywords:
multiple sclerosis, vaccination, live-attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine
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Abstract
Infections in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) increase the risk of relapse. Such relapses are more severe, cause permanent disability and activation of MS in magnetic resonance imaging. During immunomodulatory treatment some infections may be associated with severe complications and increased mortality. Most of those infections may be avoided by vaccination. According to current recommendations each MS patient should be screened for infectious diseases history (including serological tests) at the time of diagnosis and have the missing vaccinations completed to avoid delays in starting or changing immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive treatment. It is emphasised that there is no link between vaccination and neither the development of MS nor MS relapses or progression of disability. This article presents recommendations for vaccinating MS patients regarding the type of vaccine (live-attenuated or inactivated) used, immunomodulatory MS treatment as well as epidemiological situation in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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References
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40. Stanowisko PTN dotyczące szczepień przeciwko wirusowi SARS-CoV-2 obecnie dostępnymi w Polsce szczepionkami (firm: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca oraz Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) u pacjentów chorujących na stwardnienie rozsiane (access: 11.08.2021).
41. Ciotti JR, Valtcheva MV, Cross AH. Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: A review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020; 45: 102439.
2. Lublin FD, Baier M, Cutter G. Effect of relapses on development of residual deficit in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2003; 61: 1528-32.
3. Marrodan M, Alessandro L, Farez MF et al. The role of infections in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2019; 25: 891-901.
4. Reyes S, Ramsay M, Ladhani S et al. Protecting people with multiple sclerosis through vaccination. Pract Neurol. 2020; 20: 435-45.
5. Sirbu CA, Florea AA, Ghinescu MC et al. Vaccination in multiple sclerosis – Challenging practices (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2020; 20: 217.
6. Loebermann M, Winkelmann A, Hartung H-P et al. Vaccination against infection in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012; 8: 143-51.
7. Moiola L, Barcella V, Benatti S et al. The risk of infection in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapies: A Delphi consensus statement. Mult Scler. 2020; 1352458520952311. Online ahead of print.
8. Riva A, Barcella V, Benatti S et al. Vaccinations in patients with multiple sclerosis: A Delphi consensus statement. Mult Scler. 2020; 1352458520952310. Online ahead of print.
9. Papeix C, Donze C, Lebrun-Frénay C et al. Infections and multiple sclerosis: Recommendations from the French Multiple Sclerosis Society. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021; S0035-3787(21)00602-0. Online ahead of print.
10. Farez MF, Correale J, Armstrong MJ et al. Practice guideline update summary: Vaccine preventable infections and immunization in multiple sclerosis: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2019; 93: 584-94.
11. Lebrun C, Vukusic S; French Group for Recommendations in Multiple Sclerosis (France4MS) and the Société Francophone de la Sclérose En Plaques (SFSEP). Immunization and multiple sclerosis: Recommendations from the French multiple sclerosis society. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019; 31: 173-88.
12. Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P et al. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 319-26.
13. DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Jackson LA et al. Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults. Arch Neurol. 2003; 60: 504-9.
14. Farez MF, Correale J. Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2011; 258: 1197-206.
15. Hapfelmeier A, Gasperi C, Donnachie E et al. A large case-control study on vaccination as risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2019; 93: e908-e16.
16. Langer-Gould A, Qian L, Tartof SY et al. Vaccines and the risk of multiple sclerosis and other central nervous system demyelinating diseases. JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71: 1506-13.
17. Mailand MT, Frederiksen JL. Vaccines and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2017; 264: 1035-50.
18. Mailand MT, Frederiksen JL. Vaccines and multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017; 136: 49-51.
19. Scheller NM, Svanström H, Pasternak B et al. Quadrivalent HPV vaccination and risk of multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. JAMA. 2015; 313: 54-61.
20. Cordonnier C, Einarsdottir S, Cesaro S et al. Vaccination of haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: Guidelines of the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7). Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19: e200-e12.
21. Giovannoni G. Disease-modifying treatments for early and advanced multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018; 31: 233-43.
22. Killestein J, Du Pasquier R, Hemmer B. Vaccination in B-cell-depleted patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2020; 95: 613-4.
23. Croce E, Hatz C, Jonker EF et al. Safety of live vaccinations on immunosuppressive therapy in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, solid organ transplantation or after bone-marrow transplantation – A systematic review of randomized trials, observational studies and case reports. Vaccine. 2017; 35: 1216-26.
24. Geretti AM, Brook G, Cameron C et al. British HIV Association guidelines on the use of vaccines in HIV-positive adults 2015. HIV Med. 2016; 17(suppl 3): s2-s81.
25. Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 58: 309-18.
26. Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V et al. Efficacy of vaccination against influenza in patients with multiple sclerosis: The role of concomitant therapies. Vaccine. 2014; 32: 4730-5.
27. Wiedermann U, Sitte HH, Burgmann H et al. Impfungen bei Immundefekten / Immunsuppression – Expertenstatement und Empfehlungen. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016; 128(suppl 4): 337-76.
28. Williamson EML, Chahin S, Berger JR. Vaccines in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2016; 16: 36.
29. Eftekharian MM, Mousavi M, Hormoz MB et al. Multiple sclerosis and immunological-related risk factors: results from a case-control study. Hum Antibodies. 2014; 23(1-2): 31-6.
30. Sestili C, Grazina I, La Torre G. HBV vaccine and risk of developing multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021; 17(7): 2273-8.
31. Massa J, Munger KL, O’Reilly EJ et al. Serum titers of IgG antibodies against tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and risk of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2009; 208(1-2): 141-2.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ACIP general best guidance for immunization: timing and spacing of immunobiologics. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/timing.html#t-03.
33. Tseng HF, Smith N, Sy LS et al. Evaluation of the incidence of herpes zoster after concomitant administration of zoster vaccine and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. Vaccine. 2011; 29: 3628-32.
34. Farez MF, Correale J. Yellow fever vaccination and increased relapse rate in travelers with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2011; 68: 1267-71.
35. Zrzavy T, Kollaritsch H, Rommer PS et al. Vaccination in multiple sclerosis: Friend or foe? Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 1883.
36. Bar-Or A, Calkwood JC, Chognot C et al. Effect of ocrelizumab on vaccine responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. The VELOCE study. Neurology. 2020; 95: e1999-e2008.
37. www.szczepienia.pzh.gov.pl (access: 1.09.2021).
38. Pawłowska M, Flisiak R, Gil L et al. Profilaktyka reaktywacji zakażeń HBV – rekomendacje grupy roboczej profilaktyki reaktywacji HBV. Acta Haematologica Polonica. 2019; 50: 192-8.
39. Nojszewska M, Kalinowska A, Adamczyk-Sowa M et al. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) in patients with multiple sclerosis: a statement by a working group convened by the Section of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology of the Polish Neurological Society. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2021; 55: 8-11.
40. Stanowisko PTN dotyczące szczepień przeciwko wirusowi SARS-CoV-2 obecnie dostępnymi w Polsce szczepionkami (firm: Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca oraz Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) u pacjentów chorujących na stwardnienie rozsiane (access: 11.08.2021).
41. Ciotti JR, Valtcheva MV, Cross AH. Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: A review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020; 45: 102439.