Desloratadyna i lewocetyryzyna – znaczenie w leczeniu chorób alergicznych Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
wrz 30, 2020
Słowa kluczowe:
lewocetyryzyna, desloratadyna, choroby alergiczne, leczenie, skuteczność, bezpieczeństwo
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Abstrakt
Leki przeciwhistaminowe, w tym lewocetyryzyna i desloratadyna, są od lat stosowane w leczeniu wielu chorób alergicznych. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono dane dotyczące bezpieczeństwa i skuteczności tych leków, a także pokuszono się o próbę ich porównania. W leczeniu chorób alergicznych zawsze konieczna jest indywidualizacja terapii.
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Jak cytować
Pawliczak , R. (2020). Desloratadyna i lewocetyryzyna – znaczenie w leczeniu chorób alergicznych. Medycyna Faktów , 13(3(48), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0320.X
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Bibliografia
1. Bachert C.: A review of the efficacy of desloratadine, fexofenadine, and levocetirizine in the treatment of nasal congestion in patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin. Ther. 2009; 31(5): 921-944.
2. Devillier P., Roche N., Faisy C.: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desloratadine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine: a comparative review. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2008; 47(4): 217-230.
3. Bachert C.: Levocetirizine: a modern H1-antihistamine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2005; 1(4): 495-510.
4. Mullol J., Bachert C., Bousquet J.: Management of persistent allergic rhinitis: evidence-based treatment with levocetirizine. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 2005; 1(4): 265-271.
5. Patou J. et al.: Pathophysiology of nasal obstruction and meta-analysis of early and late effects of levocetirizine. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(8): 972-981.
6. Walter Canonica G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves health-related quality of life and health status in persistent allergic rhinitis. Respir Med. 2006; 100(10): 1706-1715.
7. Bachert C. et al.: Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(4): 838-844.
8. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal obstruction and modulates cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004; 34(6): 958-964.
9. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal symptoms and airflow in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 37(1): 25-29.
10. de Blic J. et al.: Levocetirizine in children: evidenced efficacy and safety in a 6-week randomized seasonal allergic rhinitis trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2005; 16(3): 267-275.
11. Ciebiada M. et al.: Quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with levocetirizine or desloratadine. J Investig Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2008; 18(5): 343-349.
12. Pasquali M. et al.: Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma: effects on symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory parameters. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(9): 1161-1167.
13. Segall N. et al.: Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine in improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in US adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010; 104(3): 259-267.
14. Snidvongs K. et al.: Sedative Effects of Levocetirizine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. Drugs 2017; 77(2): 175-186.
15. Anuradha P. et al.: Loratadine versus levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: A comparative study of efficacy and safety. Indian. J. Pharmacol. 2010; 42(1): 12-16.
16. Caproni M. et al.: Cellular adhesion molecules in chronic urticaria: modulation of serum levels occurs during levocetirizine treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006; 155(6): 1270-1274.
17. Dubuske L.M.: Levocetirizine: The latest treatment option for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007; 28(6): 724-734.
18. Ducharme E.E., Weinberg J.M.: Levocetirizine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(3): 243-247.
19. Kapp A., Pichler W.J.: Levocetirizine is an effective treatment in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 469-474.
20. Kapp A., Wedi B.: Chronic urticaria: clinical aspects and focus on a new antihistamine, levocetirizine. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2004; 3(6): 632-639.
21. Maiti R. et al.: Rupatadine and levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a comparative study of efficacy and safety. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2011; 10(12): 1444-1450.
22. Canonica G.W., Blaiss M.: Antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic properties of the nonsedating second-generation antihistamine desloratadine: a review of the evidence. World Allergy Organ. J. 2011; 4(2): 47-53.
23. Marcucci F. et al.: Anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy of a 3-month levocetirizine therapy in mite-allergic children. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets. 2011; 10(1): 32-38.
24. Walsh G.M.: The anti-inflammatory effects of levocetirizine – are they clinically relevant or just an interesting additional effect? Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2009; 5(1): 14.
25. Affrime M. et al.: A pharmacokinetic profile of desloratadine in healthy adults, including elderly. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 13-19.
26. Agrawal D.K.: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of desloratadine as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drug. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2001; 10(3): 547-560.
27. Bonini S.: Desloratadine: a new approach in the treatment of allergy as a systematic disease – pharmacology and clinical overview. Introduction. Allergy 2001; 56(supl. 65): 5-6.
28. Bousquet J. et al.: The ARIA/EAACI criteria for antihistamines: an assessment of the efficacy, safety and pharmacology of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(supl. 77): 4-16.
29. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of desloratadine and fluoxetine in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004; 44(11): 1252-1259.
30. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of desloratadine and fexofenadine when coadministered with azithromycin: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther. 2001; 23(3): 451-466.
31. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics of desloratadine in children between 2 and 11 years of age. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 63(5): 534-540.
32. Gupta S.K. et al.: Desloratadine dose selection in children aged 6 months to 2 years: comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 64(2): 174-184.
33. Chen M. et al.: Desloratadine citrate disodium injection, a potent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, inhibits chemokine production in ovalbumin- induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and histamine-induced human nasal epithelial cells via inhibiting the ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signal cascades. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 767: 98-107.
34. Geha R.S., Meltzer E.O.: Desloratadine: A new, nonsedating, oral antihistamine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 107(4): 751-762.
35. Jie Q. et al.: Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, desloratadine citrate disodium injection, and its anti-inflammatory mechanism on EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 754: 1-10.
36. Pradalier A. et al.: Desloratadine improves quality of life and symptom severity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2007; 62(11): 1331-1334.
37. Reinartz S.M. et al.: Desloratadine reduces systemic allergic inflammation following nasal provocation in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. Allergy 2005; 60(10): 1301-1307.
38. Rossi G.A. et al.: Evidence of desloratadine syrup efficacy and tolerability in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2005; 60(3): 416-417.
39. Satish U. et al.: Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(4): 415-420.
40. Simons F.E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003; 111(3): 617-622.
41. Tassinari P. et al.: Desloratadine therapy improves allergic rhinitis symptoms in latin american children aged 6 to 12 years. World Allergy Organ. J. 2009; 2(4): 42-48.
42. Tworek D. et al.: The effect of 4 weeks treatment with desloratadine (5mg daily) on levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF beta in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 20(3): 244-249.
43. Wilken J.A. et al.: Desloratadine for allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2006; 2(2): 209-224.
44. Wilken J.A. et al.: A comparison of the effect of diphenhydramine and desloratadine on vigilance and cognitive function during treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003; 91(4): 375-385.
45. Wilson A.M. et al.: Effects of fexofenadine and desloratadine on subjective and objective measures of nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002; 32(10): 1504-1509.
46. Yonekura S. et al.: Efficacy of Desloratadine and Levocetirizine in Patients with Cedar Pollen-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double- Blind Study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2019; 180(4): 274-283.
47. DuBuske L.M.: Review of desloratadine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2005; 6(14): 2511-2523.
48. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Ciebiada M.G.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): 58-62.
49. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Gorska-Ciebiada M.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): e58-62.
50. Papi A. et al.: Effect of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upregulation and promoter activation in respiratory epithelial cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 108(2): 221-228.
51. Cassano N. et al.: Influence of desloratadine on oxidative stress markers in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 394-396.
52. Di Lorenzo G. et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(3): 619-625.
53. DuBuske L.: Desloratadine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review of clinical efficacy. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(5): 271-283.
54. Goyal V. et al.: Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ebastine 20 mg, Ebastine 10 mg and Levocetirizine 5 mg in Acute Urticaria. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017; 11(3): WC06-WC09.
55. Grob J.J. et al.: Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo- controlled study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008; 22(1): 87-93.
56. Grob J.J. et al.: How to prescribe antihistamines for chronic idiopathic urticaria: desloratadine daily vs PRN and quality of life. Allergy 2009; 64(4): 605-612.
57. Kim H., Lynde C.: Impact of Desloratadine on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria: A Multicenter, Practice- based Study. Arch. Drug Inf. 2008; 1(2): 63-69.
58. Klos K. et al.: [The effect of 5-days of cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine 120 and 180 mg, levocetirizine, loratadine treatment on the histamine- induced skin reaction and skin blood flow – a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial]. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 2006; 21(125): 449-453.
59. Lachapelle J.M. et al.: Desloratadine 5 mg once daily improves the quality of life of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2006; 20(3): 288-292.
60. Layton D., Wilton L., Shakir S.A.: Examining the tolerability of the non-sedating antihistamine desloratadine: a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(2): 169-179.
61. Liccardi G. et al.: Is H1-antihistamine (desloratadine 5 mg, orodispersible tablet) premedication in NSAID-associated urticaria really safe and practicable in “real life”? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2017; 5(2): 535.
62. Monroe E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine 5 mg once daily in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003; 48(4): 535-541.
63. Ortonne J.P. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(1): 37-42.
64. Augustin M., Ehrle S.: Safety and efficacy of desloratadine in chronic idiopathic urticaria in clinical practice: an observational study of 9246 patients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2009; 23(3): 292-299.
65. Bachert C., Maurer M.: Safety and efficacy of desloratadine in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis or chronic urticaria: results of four postmarketing surveillance studies. Clin. Drug Investig. 2010; 30(2): 109-122.
66. Banfield C. et al.: Desloratadine has no clinically relevant electrocardiographic or pharmacodynamic interactions with ketoconazole. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 37-44.
67. Banfield C. et al.: Lack of clinically relevant interaction between desloratadine and erythromycin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 29-35.
68. Berger W.E.: The safety and efficacy of desloratadine for the management of allergic disease. Drug Saf. 2005; 28(12): 1101-1118.
69. Berger W.E. et al.: Safety and efficacy of desloratadine 5 mg in asthma patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002; 89(5): 485-491.
70. Bousquet J. et al.: Efficacy of desloratadine in intermittent allergic rhinitis: a GA(2)LEN study. Allergy 2009; 64(10): 1516-1523.
71. Bousquet J. et al.: Efficacy of desloratadine in persistent allergic rhinitis – a GA(2)LEN study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2010; 153(4): 395-402.
2. Devillier P., Roche N., Faisy C.: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desloratadine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine: a comparative review. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2008; 47(4): 217-230.
3. Bachert C.: Levocetirizine: a modern H1-antihistamine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2005; 1(4): 495-510.
4. Mullol J., Bachert C., Bousquet J.: Management of persistent allergic rhinitis: evidence-based treatment with levocetirizine. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 2005; 1(4): 265-271.
5. Patou J. et al.: Pathophysiology of nasal obstruction and meta-analysis of early and late effects of levocetirizine. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(8): 972-981.
6. Walter Canonica G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves health-related quality of life and health status in persistent allergic rhinitis. Respir Med. 2006; 100(10): 1706-1715.
7. Bachert C. et al.: Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(4): 838-844.
8. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal obstruction and modulates cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004; 34(6): 958-964.
9. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal symptoms and airflow in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 37(1): 25-29.
10. de Blic J. et al.: Levocetirizine in children: evidenced efficacy and safety in a 6-week randomized seasonal allergic rhinitis trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2005; 16(3): 267-275.
11. Ciebiada M. et al.: Quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with levocetirizine or desloratadine. J Investig Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2008; 18(5): 343-349.
12. Pasquali M. et al.: Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma: effects on symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory parameters. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(9): 1161-1167.
13. Segall N. et al.: Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine in improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in US adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010; 104(3): 259-267.
14. Snidvongs K. et al.: Sedative Effects of Levocetirizine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. Drugs 2017; 77(2): 175-186.
15. Anuradha P. et al.: Loratadine versus levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: A comparative study of efficacy and safety. Indian. J. Pharmacol. 2010; 42(1): 12-16.
16. Caproni M. et al.: Cellular adhesion molecules in chronic urticaria: modulation of serum levels occurs during levocetirizine treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006; 155(6): 1270-1274.
17. Dubuske L.M.: Levocetirizine: The latest treatment option for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007; 28(6): 724-734.
18. Ducharme E.E., Weinberg J.M.: Levocetirizine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(3): 243-247.
19. Kapp A., Pichler W.J.: Levocetirizine is an effective treatment in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 469-474.
20. Kapp A., Wedi B.: Chronic urticaria: clinical aspects and focus on a new antihistamine, levocetirizine. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2004; 3(6): 632-639.
21. Maiti R. et al.: Rupatadine and levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a comparative study of efficacy and safety. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2011; 10(12): 1444-1450.
22. Canonica G.W., Blaiss M.: Antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic properties of the nonsedating second-generation antihistamine desloratadine: a review of the evidence. World Allergy Organ. J. 2011; 4(2): 47-53.
23. Marcucci F. et al.: Anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy of a 3-month levocetirizine therapy in mite-allergic children. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets. 2011; 10(1): 32-38.
24. Walsh G.M.: The anti-inflammatory effects of levocetirizine – are they clinically relevant or just an interesting additional effect? Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2009; 5(1): 14.
25. Affrime M. et al.: A pharmacokinetic profile of desloratadine in healthy adults, including elderly. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 13-19.
26. Agrawal D.K.: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of desloratadine as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drug. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2001; 10(3): 547-560.
27. Bonini S.: Desloratadine: a new approach in the treatment of allergy as a systematic disease – pharmacology and clinical overview. Introduction. Allergy 2001; 56(supl. 65): 5-6.
28. Bousquet J. et al.: The ARIA/EAACI criteria for antihistamines: an assessment of the efficacy, safety and pharmacology of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(supl. 77): 4-16.
29. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of desloratadine and fluoxetine in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004; 44(11): 1252-1259.
30. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of desloratadine and fexofenadine when coadministered with azithromycin: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther. 2001; 23(3): 451-466.
31. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics of desloratadine in children between 2 and 11 years of age. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 63(5): 534-540.
32. Gupta S.K. et al.: Desloratadine dose selection in children aged 6 months to 2 years: comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 64(2): 174-184.
33. Chen M. et al.: Desloratadine citrate disodium injection, a potent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, inhibits chemokine production in ovalbumin- induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and histamine-induced human nasal epithelial cells via inhibiting the ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signal cascades. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 767: 98-107.
34. Geha R.S., Meltzer E.O.: Desloratadine: A new, nonsedating, oral antihistamine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 107(4): 751-762.
35. Jie Q. et al.: Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, desloratadine citrate disodium injection, and its anti-inflammatory mechanism on EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 754: 1-10.
36. Pradalier A. et al.: Desloratadine improves quality of life and symptom severity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2007; 62(11): 1331-1334.
37. Reinartz S.M. et al.: Desloratadine reduces systemic allergic inflammation following nasal provocation in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. Allergy 2005; 60(10): 1301-1307.
38. Rossi G.A. et al.: Evidence of desloratadine syrup efficacy and tolerability in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2005; 60(3): 416-417.
39. Satish U. et al.: Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(4): 415-420.
40. Simons F.E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003; 111(3): 617-622.
41. Tassinari P. et al.: Desloratadine therapy improves allergic rhinitis symptoms in latin american children aged 6 to 12 years. World Allergy Organ. J. 2009; 2(4): 42-48.
42. Tworek D. et al.: The effect of 4 weeks treatment with desloratadine (5mg daily) on levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF beta in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 20(3): 244-249.
43. Wilken J.A. et al.: Desloratadine for allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2006; 2(2): 209-224.
44. Wilken J.A. et al.: A comparison of the effect of diphenhydramine and desloratadine on vigilance and cognitive function during treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003; 91(4): 375-385.
45. Wilson A.M. et al.: Effects of fexofenadine and desloratadine on subjective and objective measures of nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002; 32(10): 1504-1509.
46. Yonekura S. et al.: Efficacy of Desloratadine and Levocetirizine in Patients with Cedar Pollen-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double- Blind Study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2019; 180(4): 274-283.
47. DuBuske L.M.: Review of desloratadine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2005; 6(14): 2511-2523.
48. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Ciebiada M.G.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): 58-62.
49. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Gorska-Ciebiada M.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): e58-62.
50. Papi A. et al.: Effect of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upregulation and promoter activation in respiratory epithelial cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 108(2): 221-228.
51. Cassano N. et al.: Influence of desloratadine on oxidative stress markers in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 394-396.
52. Di Lorenzo G. et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(3): 619-625.
53. DuBuske L.: Desloratadine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review of clinical efficacy. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(5): 271-283.
54. Goyal V. et al.: Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ebastine 20 mg, Ebastine 10 mg and Levocetirizine 5 mg in Acute Urticaria. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017; 11(3): WC06-WC09.
55. Grob J.J. et al.: Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo- controlled study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008; 22(1): 87-93.
56. Grob J.J. et al.: How to prescribe antihistamines for chronic idiopathic urticaria: desloratadine daily vs PRN and quality of life. Allergy 2009; 64(4): 605-612.
57. Kim H., Lynde C.: Impact of Desloratadine on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria: A Multicenter, Practice- based Study. Arch. Drug Inf. 2008; 1(2): 63-69.
58. Klos K. et al.: [The effect of 5-days of cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine 120 and 180 mg, levocetirizine, loratadine treatment on the histamine- induced skin reaction and skin blood flow – a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial]. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 2006; 21(125): 449-453.
59. Lachapelle J.M. et al.: Desloratadine 5 mg once daily improves the quality of life of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2006; 20(3): 288-292.
60. Layton D., Wilton L., Shakir S.A.: Examining the tolerability of the non-sedating antihistamine desloratadine: a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(2): 169-179.
61. Liccardi G. et al.: Is H1-antihistamine (desloratadine 5 mg, orodispersible tablet) premedication in NSAID-associated urticaria really safe and practicable in “real life”? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2017; 5(2): 535.
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