Desloratadine and levocetirizine – the importance in allergic diseases treatment Review article
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Published:
Sep 30, 2020
Keywords:
levocetirizine, desloratadine, allergy, treatment, safety, efficacy
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Abstract
H1-receptor blockers (including levocetirizine and desloratadine) are employed in treatment of multiple allergic diseases. In this review we deliver data regarding efficacy and safety these two drugs. Moreover, we are comparing their properties. The individualization therapy is a mainstay in allergic disorders treatment.
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Pawliczak , R. (2020). Desloratadine and levocetirizine – the importance in allergic diseases treatment. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 13(3(48), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0320.X
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References
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2. Devillier P., Roche N., Faisy C.: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desloratadine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine: a comparative review. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2008; 47(4): 217-230.
3. Bachert C.: Levocetirizine: a modern H1-antihistamine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2005; 1(4): 495-510.
4. Mullol J., Bachert C., Bousquet J.: Management of persistent allergic rhinitis: evidence-based treatment with levocetirizine. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 2005; 1(4): 265-271.
5. Patou J. et al.: Pathophysiology of nasal obstruction and meta-analysis of early and late effects of levocetirizine. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(8): 972-981.
6. Walter Canonica G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves health-related quality of life and health status in persistent allergic rhinitis. Respir Med. 2006; 100(10): 1706-1715.
7. Bachert C. et al.: Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(4): 838-844.
8. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal obstruction and modulates cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004; 34(6): 958-964.
9. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal symptoms and airflow in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 37(1): 25-29.
10. de Blic J. et al.: Levocetirizine in children: evidenced efficacy and safety in a 6-week randomized seasonal allergic rhinitis trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2005; 16(3): 267-275.
11. Ciebiada M. et al.: Quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with levocetirizine or desloratadine. J Investig Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2008; 18(5): 343-349.
12. Pasquali M. et al.: Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma: effects on symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory parameters. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(9): 1161-1167.
13. Segall N. et al.: Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine in improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in US adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010; 104(3): 259-267.
14. Snidvongs K. et al.: Sedative Effects of Levocetirizine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. Drugs 2017; 77(2): 175-186.
15. Anuradha P. et al.: Loratadine versus levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: A comparative study of efficacy and safety. Indian. J. Pharmacol. 2010; 42(1): 12-16.
16. Caproni M. et al.: Cellular adhesion molecules in chronic urticaria: modulation of serum levels occurs during levocetirizine treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006; 155(6): 1270-1274.
17. Dubuske L.M.: Levocetirizine: The latest treatment option for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007; 28(6): 724-734.
18. Ducharme E.E., Weinberg J.M.: Levocetirizine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(3): 243-247.
19. Kapp A., Pichler W.J.: Levocetirizine is an effective treatment in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 469-474.
20. Kapp A., Wedi B.: Chronic urticaria: clinical aspects and focus on a new antihistamine, levocetirizine. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2004; 3(6): 632-639.
21. Maiti R. et al.: Rupatadine and levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a comparative study of efficacy and safety. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2011; 10(12): 1444-1450.
22. Canonica G.W., Blaiss M.: Antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic properties of the nonsedating second-generation antihistamine desloratadine: a review of the evidence. World Allergy Organ. J. 2011; 4(2): 47-53.
23. Marcucci F. et al.: Anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy of a 3-month levocetirizine therapy in mite-allergic children. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets. 2011; 10(1): 32-38.
24. Walsh G.M.: The anti-inflammatory effects of levocetirizine – are they clinically relevant or just an interesting additional effect? Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2009; 5(1): 14.
25. Affrime M. et al.: A pharmacokinetic profile of desloratadine in healthy adults, including elderly. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 13-19.
26. Agrawal D.K.: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of desloratadine as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drug. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2001; 10(3): 547-560.
27. Bonini S.: Desloratadine: a new approach in the treatment of allergy as a systematic disease – pharmacology and clinical overview. Introduction. Allergy 2001; 56(supl. 65): 5-6.
28. Bousquet J. et al.: The ARIA/EAACI criteria for antihistamines: an assessment of the efficacy, safety and pharmacology of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(supl. 77): 4-16.
29. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of desloratadine and fluoxetine in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004; 44(11): 1252-1259.
30. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of desloratadine and fexofenadine when coadministered with azithromycin: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther. 2001; 23(3): 451-466.
31. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics of desloratadine in children between 2 and 11 years of age. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 63(5): 534-540.
32. Gupta S.K. et al.: Desloratadine dose selection in children aged 6 months to 2 years: comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 64(2): 174-184.
33. Chen M. et al.: Desloratadine citrate disodium injection, a potent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, inhibits chemokine production in ovalbumin- induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and histamine-induced human nasal epithelial cells via inhibiting the ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signal cascades. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 767: 98-107.
34. Geha R.S., Meltzer E.O.: Desloratadine: A new, nonsedating, oral antihistamine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 107(4): 751-762.
35. Jie Q. et al.: Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, desloratadine citrate disodium injection, and its anti-inflammatory mechanism on EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 754: 1-10.
36. Pradalier A. et al.: Desloratadine improves quality of life and symptom severity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2007; 62(11): 1331-1334.
37. Reinartz S.M. et al.: Desloratadine reduces systemic allergic inflammation following nasal provocation in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. Allergy 2005; 60(10): 1301-1307.
38. Rossi G.A. et al.: Evidence of desloratadine syrup efficacy and tolerability in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2005; 60(3): 416-417.
39. Satish U. et al.: Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(4): 415-420.
40. Simons F.E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003; 111(3): 617-622.
41. Tassinari P. et al.: Desloratadine therapy improves allergic rhinitis symptoms in latin american children aged 6 to 12 years. World Allergy Organ. J. 2009; 2(4): 42-48.
42. Tworek D. et al.: The effect of 4 weeks treatment with desloratadine (5mg daily) on levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF beta in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 20(3): 244-249.
43. Wilken J.A. et al.: Desloratadine for allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2006; 2(2): 209-224.
44. Wilken J.A. et al.: A comparison of the effect of diphenhydramine and desloratadine on vigilance and cognitive function during treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003; 91(4): 375-385.
45. Wilson A.M. et al.: Effects of fexofenadine and desloratadine on subjective and objective measures of nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002; 32(10): 1504-1509.
46. Yonekura S. et al.: Efficacy of Desloratadine and Levocetirizine in Patients with Cedar Pollen-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double- Blind Study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2019; 180(4): 274-283.
47. DuBuske L.M.: Review of desloratadine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2005; 6(14): 2511-2523.
48. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Ciebiada M.G.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): 58-62.
49. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Gorska-Ciebiada M.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): e58-62.
50. Papi A. et al.: Effect of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upregulation and promoter activation in respiratory epithelial cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 108(2): 221-228.
51. Cassano N. et al.: Influence of desloratadine on oxidative stress markers in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 394-396.
52. Di Lorenzo G. et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(3): 619-625.
53. DuBuske L.: Desloratadine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review of clinical efficacy. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(5): 271-283.
54. Goyal V. et al.: Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ebastine 20 mg, Ebastine 10 mg and Levocetirizine 5 mg in Acute Urticaria. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017; 11(3): WC06-WC09.
55. Grob J.J. et al.: Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo- controlled study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008; 22(1): 87-93.
56. Grob J.J. et al.: How to prescribe antihistamines for chronic idiopathic urticaria: desloratadine daily vs PRN and quality of life. Allergy 2009; 64(4): 605-612.
57. Kim H., Lynde C.: Impact of Desloratadine on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria: A Multicenter, Practice- based Study. Arch. Drug Inf. 2008; 1(2): 63-69.
58. Klos K. et al.: [The effect of 5-days of cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine 120 and 180 mg, levocetirizine, loratadine treatment on the histamine- induced skin reaction and skin blood flow – a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial]. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 2006; 21(125): 449-453.
59. Lachapelle J.M. et al.: Desloratadine 5 mg once daily improves the quality of life of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2006; 20(3): 288-292.
60. Layton D., Wilton L., Shakir S.A.: Examining the tolerability of the non-sedating antihistamine desloratadine: a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(2): 169-179.
61. Liccardi G. et al.: Is H1-antihistamine (desloratadine 5 mg, orodispersible tablet) premedication in NSAID-associated urticaria really safe and practicable in “real life”? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2017; 5(2): 535.
62. Monroe E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine 5 mg once daily in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003; 48(4): 535-541.
63. Ortonne J.P. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(1): 37-42.
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66. Banfield C. et al.: Desloratadine has no clinically relevant electrocardiographic or pharmacodynamic interactions with ketoconazole. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 37-44.
67. Banfield C. et al.: Lack of clinically relevant interaction between desloratadine and erythromycin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 29-35.
68. Berger W.E.: The safety and efficacy of desloratadine for the management of allergic disease. Drug Saf. 2005; 28(12): 1101-1118.
69. Berger W.E. et al.: Safety and efficacy of desloratadine 5 mg in asthma patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002; 89(5): 485-491.
70. Bousquet J. et al.: Efficacy of desloratadine in intermittent allergic rhinitis: a GA(2)LEN study. Allergy 2009; 64(10): 1516-1523.
71. Bousquet J. et al.: Efficacy of desloratadine in persistent allergic rhinitis – a GA(2)LEN study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2010; 153(4): 395-402.
2. Devillier P., Roche N., Faisy C.: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desloratadine, fexofenadine and levocetirizine: a comparative review. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2008; 47(4): 217-230.
3. Bachert C.: Levocetirizine: a modern H1-antihistamine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2005; 1(4): 495-510.
4. Mullol J., Bachert C., Bousquet J.: Management of persistent allergic rhinitis: evidence-based treatment with levocetirizine. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 2005; 1(4): 265-271.
5. Patou J. et al.: Pathophysiology of nasal obstruction and meta-analysis of early and late effects of levocetirizine. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(8): 972-981.
6. Walter Canonica G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves health-related quality of life and health status in persistent allergic rhinitis. Respir Med. 2006; 100(10): 1706-1715.
7. Bachert C. et al.: Levocetirizine improves quality of life and reduces costs in long-term management of persistent allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(4): 838-844.
8. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal obstruction and modulates cytokine pattern in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2004; 34(6): 958-964.
9. Ciprandi G. et al.: Levocetirizine improves nasal symptoms and airflow in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 37(1): 25-29.
10. de Blic J. et al.: Levocetirizine in children: evidenced efficacy and safety in a 6-week randomized seasonal allergic rhinitis trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2005; 16(3): 267-275.
11. Ciebiada M. et al.: Quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with levocetirizine or desloratadine. J Investig Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2008; 18(5): 343-349.
12. Pasquali M. et al.: Levocetirizine in persistent allergic rhinitis and asthma: effects on symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory parameters. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2006; 36(9): 1161-1167.
13. Segall N. et al.: Efficacy and safety of levocetirizine in improving symptoms and health-related quality of life in US adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010; 104(3): 259-267.
14. Snidvongs K. et al.: Sedative Effects of Levocetirizine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. Drugs 2017; 77(2): 175-186.
15. Anuradha P. et al.: Loratadine versus levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: A comparative study of efficacy and safety. Indian. J. Pharmacol. 2010; 42(1): 12-16.
16. Caproni M. et al.: Cellular adhesion molecules in chronic urticaria: modulation of serum levels occurs during levocetirizine treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 2006; 155(6): 1270-1274.
17. Dubuske L.M.: Levocetirizine: The latest treatment option for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007; 28(6): 724-734.
18. Ducharme E.E., Weinberg J.M.: Levocetirizine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2009; 8(3): 243-247.
19. Kapp A., Pichler W.J.: Levocetirizine is an effective treatment in patients suffering from chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, multicenter study. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 469-474.
20. Kapp A., Wedi B.: Chronic urticaria: clinical aspects and focus on a new antihistamine, levocetirizine. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2004; 3(6): 632-639.
21. Maiti R. et al.: Rupatadine and levocetirizine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a comparative study of efficacy and safety. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2011; 10(12): 1444-1450.
22. Canonica G.W., Blaiss M.: Antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic properties of the nonsedating second-generation antihistamine desloratadine: a review of the evidence. World Allergy Organ. J. 2011; 4(2): 47-53.
23. Marcucci F. et al.: Anti-inflammatory activity and clinical efficacy of a 3-month levocetirizine therapy in mite-allergic children. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets. 2011; 10(1): 32-38.
24. Walsh G.M.: The anti-inflammatory effects of levocetirizine – are they clinically relevant or just an interesting additional effect? Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2009; 5(1): 14.
25. Affrime M. et al.: A pharmacokinetic profile of desloratadine in healthy adults, including elderly. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2002; 41(supl. 1): 13-19.
26. Agrawal D.K.: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of desloratadine as an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drug. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2001; 10(3): 547-560.
27. Bonini S.: Desloratadine: a new approach in the treatment of allergy as a systematic disease – pharmacology and clinical overview. Introduction. Allergy 2001; 56(supl. 65): 5-6.
28. Bousquet J. et al.: The ARIA/EAACI criteria for antihistamines: an assessment of the efficacy, safety and pharmacology of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(supl. 77): 4-16.
29. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of desloratadine and fluoxetine in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2004; 44(11): 1252-1259.
30. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of desloratadine and fexofenadine when coadministered with azithromycin: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther. 2001; 23(3): 451-466.
31. Gupta S. et al.: Pharmacokinetics of desloratadine in children between 2 and 11 years of age. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 63(5): 534-540.
32. Gupta S.K. et al.: Desloratadine dose selection in children aged 6 months to 2 years: comparison of population pharmacokinetics between children and adults. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 64(2): 174-184.
33. Chen M. et al.: Desloratadine citrate disodium injection, a potent histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, inhibits chemokine production in ovalbumin- induced allergic rhinitis guinea pig model and histamine-induced human nasal epithelial cells via inhibiting the ERK1/2 and NF-kappa B signal cascades. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 767: 98-107.
34. Geha R.S., Meltzer E.O.: Desloratadine: A new, nonsedating, oral antihistamine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 107(4): 751-762.
35. Jie Q. et al.: Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, desloratadine citrate disodium injection, and its anti-inflammatory mechanism on EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015; 754: 1-10.
36. Pradalier A. et al.: Desloratadine improves quality of life and symptom severity in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2007; 62(11): 1331-1334.
37. Reinartz S.M. et al.: Desloratadine reduces systemic allergic inflammation following nasal provocation in allergic rhinitis and asthma patients. Allergy 2005; 60(10): 1301-1307.
38. Rossi G.A. et al.: Evidence of desloratadine syrup efficacy and tolerability in children with pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2005; 60(3): 416-417.
39. Satish U. et al.: Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine. Allergy 2004; 59(4): 415-420.
40. Simons F.E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003; 111(3): 617-622.
41. Tassinari P. et al.: Desloratadine therapy improves allergic rhinitis symptoms in latin american children aged 6 to 12 years. World Allergy Organ. J. 2009; 2(4): 42-48.
42. Tworek D. et al.: The effect of 4 weeks treatment with desloratadine (5mg daily) on levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF beta in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 20(3): 244-249.
43. Wilken J.A. et al.: Desloratadine for allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2006; 2(2): 209-224.
44. Wilken J.A. et al.: A comparison of the effect of diphenhydramine and desloratadine on vigilance and cognitive function during treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003; 91(4): 375-385.
45. Wilson A.M. et al.: Effects of fexofenadine and desloratadine on subjective and objective measures of nasal congestion in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002; 32(10): 1504-1509.
46. Yonekura S. et al.: Efficacy of Desloratadine and Levocetirizine in Patients with Cedar Pollen-Induced Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized, Double- Blind Study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2019; 180(4): 274-283.
47. DuBuske L.M.: Review of desloratadine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic idiopathic urticaria and allergic inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2005; 6(14): 2511-2523.
48. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Ciebiada M.G.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): 58-62.
49. Ciebiada M., Barylski M., Gorska-Ciebiada M.: Nasal eosinophilia and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in patients with allergic rhinitis treated with montelukast alone or in combination with desloratadine or levocetirizine. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2013; 27(2): e58-62.
50. Papi A. et al.: Effect of desloratadine and loratadine on rhinovirus-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 upregulation and promoter activation in respiratory epithelial cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 108(2): 221-228.
51. Cassano N. et al.: Influence of desloratadine on oxidative stress markers in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45(4): 394-396.
52. Di Lorenzo G. et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing desloratadine and montelukast in monotherapy and desloratadine plus montelukast in combined therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004; 114(3): 619-625.
53. DuBuske L.: Desloratadine for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a review of clinical efficacy. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(5): 271-283.
54. Goyal V. et al.: Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Ebastine 20 mg, Ebastine 10 mg and Levocetirizine 5 mg in Acute Urticaria. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2017; 11(3): WC06-WC09.
55. Grob J.J. et al.: Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo- controlled study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2008; 22(1): 87-93.
56. Grob J.J. et al.: How to prescribe antihistamines for chronic idiopathic urticaria: desloratadine daily vs PRN and quality of life. Allergy 2009; 64(4): 605-612.
57. Kim H., Lynde C.: Impact of Desloratadine on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria: A Multicenter, Practice- based Study. Arch. Drug Inf. 2008; 1(2): 63-69.
58. Klos K. et al.: [The effect of 5-days of cetirizine, desloratadine, fexofenadine 120 and 180 mg, levocetirizine, loratadine treatment on the histamine- induced skin reaction and skin blood flow – a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial]. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 2006; 21(125): 449-453.
59. Lachapelle J.M. et al.: Desloratadine 5 mg once daily improves the quality of life of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2006; 20(3): 288-292.
60. Layton D., Wilton L., Shakir S.A.: Examining the tolerability of the non-sedating antihistamine desloratadine: a prescription-event monitoring study in England. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(2): 169-179.
61. Liccardi G. et al.: Is H1-antihistamine (desloratadine 5 mg, orodispersible tablet) premedication in NSAID-associated urticaria really safe and practicable in “real life”? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2017; 5(2): 535.
62. Monroe E. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine 5 mg once daily in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003; 48(4): 535-541.
63. Ortonne J.P. et al.: Efficacy and safety of desloratadine in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2007; 8(1): 37-42.
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