Spasticity in multiple sclerosis Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2019
Keywords:
spasticity, multiple sclerosis, physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy, botulinum toxin
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Abstract
Spasticity is a complex movement disorder that often disturbs the functioning of people suffering from multiple sclerosis. It is characterized by high variability of severity and location of symptoms. The article discusses the incidence of spasticity in the course of multiple sclerosis and presents available treatment methods individually adapted to the current clinical status of the patient. This comprehensive treatment include: the elimination of factors causing and exacerbating symptoms of increased muscle tone, pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological management.
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References
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15. Platz T., Eickhof C., Nuyens G. et al.: Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: A systematic review of the literature. Disabil. Rehabil. 2005; 27: 7-18.
16. Haugh A., Pandyan A., Johnson G.: A systematic review of the Tardieu Scale for the measurement of spasticity. Disabil. Rehabil. 2006; 28: 899-907.
17. Priebe M., Sherwood A., Thornby J. et al.: Clinical assessment of spasticity in spinal cord injury: A multidimensional problem. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1996; 77: 713-716.
18. Hobart J., Riazi A., Thompson A. et al.: Getting the measure of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: The Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale (MSSS-88). Brain 2006; 129: 224-234.
19. Gold R., Oreja-Guevara C.: Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: multiple sclerosis spasticity guidelines. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2013; 13(12 supl.): 55-59.
20. Amatya B., La Mantia L., Demetrios M., Khan F.: Non pharmacological interventions for spasticity in multiple sclerosis (Protocol). The Cochrane Library 2012; Issue 7.
21. Otero-Romero S., Sastre-Garriga J., Comi G. et al.: Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: systematic review and consensus paper. Mult. Scler. 2016; 22: 1386-1396.
22. Thompson A., Toosy A., Ciccarelli O.: Pharmacological management of symptoms in multiple sclerosis: current approaches and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 1182-1199.
2. Pandyan A., Gregoric M., Barnes M. et al.: Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil. Rehabil. 2005; 27: 2-6.
3. Monaghan K., Horgan F., Blake C. et al.: Physical treatment interventions for managing spasticity after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; Issue 7.
4. Rizzo M., Hadjimichael O., Preiningerova J., Vollmer T.: Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler. 2004; 10: 589-595.
5. Smith C., La Rocca N., Giesser B., Scheinberg L.: High-dose oral baclofen: experience in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1991; 41: 1829-1831.
6. Henze T., Feneberg W., Flachenecker P. et al.: What is new in symptomatic MS treatment: Part 2-gait disorder and spasticity [Article in German]. Nervenarzt 2017; 88: 1428-1434.
7. Brown P.: Pathophysiology of spasticity. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1994; 57: 773-777.
8. Sheean G., Lannin N., Turner-Stokes L. et al.: Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after-care for upper limb hypertonicity in adults: international consensus statement. Eur. J. Neurol. 2010; 17(supl. 2): 74-93.
9. Haselkorn J., Richer C., Fry-Welch D. et al.: MS Council for Clinical Practical Guidelines. Spasticity management in multiple sclerosis. J. Spinal Cord. Med. 2005; 28: 167-200.
10. Ward A.: Long-term modification of spasticity. J. Rehab. Med. 2003; 41: 60-65.
11. Ward A., Wissel J., Borg J. et al.: Functional goal achievement in post-stroke spasticity patients: the BOTOX Economic Spasticity Trial (BEST). J. Rehab. Med. 2014; 46: 504-513.
12. Royal College of Physicians, British Society of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, Association of Chartered Physiotherapists Interested in Neurology. Spasticity in adults: management using botulinum toxin. National guidelines. RCP, London 2009.
13. Toosy A., Ciccarelli O., Thompson A.: Symptomatic treatment and management of multiple sclerosis. W: Goodin D.S. (red.): Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 22 (3rd series). Multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2014: 513-518.
14. Henze T., Rieckmann P., Toyka K.: Symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis (Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group (MSTCG) of the German Multiple Sclerosis Society). Eur. Neurol. 2006; 56: 78-105.
15. Platz T., Eickhof C., Nuyens G. et al.: Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: A systematic review of the literature. Disabil. Rehabil. 2005; 27: 7-18.
16. Haugh A., Pandyan A., Johnson G.: A systematic review of the Tardieu Scale for the measurement of spasticity. Disabil. Rehabil. 2006; 28: 899-907.
17. Priebe M., Sherwood A., Thornby J. et al.: Clinical assessment of spasticity in spinal cord injury: A multidimensional problem. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1996; 77: 713-716.
18. Hobart J., Riazi A., Thompson A. et al.: Getting the measure of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: The Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale (MSSS-88). Brain 2006; 129: 224-234.
19. Gold R., Oreja-Guevara C.: Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: multiple sclerosis spasticity guidelines. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2013; 13(12 supl.): 55-59.
20. Amatya B., La Mantia L., Demetrios M., Khan F.: Non pharmacological interventions for spasticity in multiple sclerosis (Protocol). The Cochrane Library 2012; Issue 7.
21. Otero-Romero S., Sastre-Garriga J., Comi G. et al.: Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: systematic review and consensus paper. Mult. Scler. 2016; 22: 1386-1396.
22. Thompson A., Toosy A., Ciccarelli O.: Pharmacological management of symptoms in multiple sclerosis: current approaches and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 1182-1199.