Benazepril – lek z wyboru w przewlekłej chorobie nerek? Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
wrz 30, 2009
Słowa kluczowe:
oś renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron, angiotensyna II, enzym konwertujący angiotensynę, inhibitory ACEi, benazepril, przewlekła choroba nerek, białkomocz
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Abstrakt
Według szeregu badań epidemiologicznych przewlekła choroba nerek dotyka ok. 10–15% ogółu populacji Europy i Ameryki Północnej, przy czym ryzyko jej wystąpienia narasta gwałtownie wraz z wiekiem; z jeszcze wyższą częstością dotyka ona wybrane grupy etniczne. Jednym z najważniejszych mechanizmów patogenetycznych rozwoju, a następnie progresji przewlekłej choroby nerek do jej kolejnych stadiów jest nasilona aktywność systemowa i lokalna (tkankowa) osi renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron. Angiotensyna II i aldosteron są nie tylko bezpośrednimi efektorami uszkodzenia nerek, ale także stanowią czynnik „integrujący” szereg niekorzystnych zjawisk patologicznych, m.in. dysfunkcję śródbłonka, nadkrzepliwość, nasilony stres oksydacyjny, wzmożoną aktywność układu współczulnego, stan zapalny i inne. Ze względu na kluczową rolę angiotensyny II w procesie uszkodzenia nerek blokada jej powstawania poprzez zastosowanie inhibitorów enzymu konwertującego jest najbardziej logiczną i patofizjologicznie uzasadnioną strategią w terapii nefroprotekcyjnej. Spośród szeregu inhibitorów konwertazy na szczególną uwagę zasługuje benazepril – lek o doskonale udokumentowanym działaniu nefroprotekcyjnym, zarówno w badaniach podstawowych, jak i w wielkich, wieloośrodkowych randomizowanych i kontrolowanych próbach klinicznych.
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Jak cytować
Stompór, T. (2009). Benazepril – lek z wyboru w przewlekłej chorobie nerek? . Medycyna Faktów , 2(3(4), 61-74. Pobrano z https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/jebm/article/view/2650
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Artykuły
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Bibliografia
1. Rutkowski B., Stompór T.: Epidemia przewlekłej choroby nerek - czy można ją powstrzymać? Lekarz Praktyk 2007; 1: 12-16.
2. Friedman E.A., Friedman A.L., Eggers P.: End-stage renal disease in diabetic persons: is the pandemic subsiding? Kidney Int. 2007; 70: S51-S54.
3. Friedman E.A., Friedman A.L.: Is there really good news about pandemic diabetic nephropathy? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007; 22: 681-683.
4. Thomas M.C., Atkins R.C.: Blood pressure lowering for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Drugs 2006; 66: 2213-2234.
5. Michielsen P.: In memoriam ‘analgesic nephropathy’ (circa 1972-2006). Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007; 22: 999-1001.
6. Morgera S., Schneider M., Neumayer H.H.: Long-term outcomes after acute kidney injury. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 36 (4 Suppl): S193-S197.
7. Debelle F.D., Vanherweghem J.L., Nortier J.L.: Aristolochic acid nephropathy: a worldwide problem. Kidney Int. 2008; 74: 158-169.
8. Amirlak I., Amirlak B.: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: an overview. Nephrology 2006; 11: 213-218.
9. Reiss G., Kunz P., Koin D., Keeffe E.B.: Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in nursing homes: review of literature and report of recent outbreak. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006; 54: 680-684 (Review).
10. Sarnak M.J., Levey A.S., Schoolwerth A.C. et al.: Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1050-1065.
11. Wetzels J.F., Kiemeney L.A., Swinkels D. et al.: Age- and gender-specific reference values of estimated GFR in Caucasians: the Nijmegen Biomedical Study. Kidney Int. 2007; 72: 632-637.
12. Król E., Rutkowski B., Czarniak P. et al.: Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease: Results of the PolNef Study. Am. J. Nephrol. 2008; 29: 264-273.
13. Rutkowski B., Król E.: Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Central and Eastern Europe. Blood Purif. 2008; 26: 381-385.
14. Hoy W.E., Bertram J.F., Denton R.D., Zimanyi M., Samuel T., Hughson M.D.: Nephron number, glomerular volume, renal disease and hypertension. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2008; 17: 258-265.
15. Brenner B.M.: Remission of renal disease: recounting the challenge, acquiring the goal. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 10: 1753-1758.
16. Navar L.G.: The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 1522-1532.
17. Noronha I.L., Fujihara C.K., Zatz R.: The inflammatory component in progressive renal disease--are interventions possible? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002; 17: 363-368.
18. Suzuki Y., Ruiz-Ortega M., Gomez-Guerro C. et al.: Angiotensin II, the immune system and renal diseases: another road for RAS? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003; 18: 1423-1426.
19. Liu Y.: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal fibrogenesis: pathologic significance, molecular mechanism, and therapeutic intervention. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004; 15: 1-12.
20. Gruden G., Setti G., Hayward A. et al.: Mechanical stretch induces monocyte chemoattractant activity via an NF-kappaB-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated pathway in human mesangial cells: inhibition by rosiglitazone. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005; 16: 688-696.
21. Riser B.L., Varani J., Cortes P. et al.: Cyclic stretching of mesangial cells up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte adherence: a possible new mechanism for glomerulosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 2001; 158: 11-17.
22. Durvasula R.V., Petermann A.T., Hiromura K. et al.: Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain. Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 30-39.
23. Shackland S.J.: The podocyte’s response to injury: role in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 2131-2147.
24. Ruggenenti P., Perna A., Mosconi L., Pisoni R., Remuzzi G.: Urinary protein excretion rate is the best independent predictor of ESRF in nondiabetic proteinuric chronic nephropathies. Kidney Int. 1998; 53: 1209-1216.
25. Ishani A., Grandits G.A., Grimm R.H. et al.: Association of single measurements of dipstick proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and hematocrit with 25-year incidence of end-stage renal disease in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006; 17: 1444-1452.
26. Brin H., Christensen E.: Renal albumin absorption in physiology and pathology. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 440-449.
27. Strutz F.M.: EMT and proteinuria as progression factors. Kidney Int. 2009; 75: 475-81.
28. Eijkelkamp W.B., Zhang Z., Remuzzi G. et al.: Albuminuria is a target for renoprotective therapy independent from blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: post hoc analysis from the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18: 1540-1546.
29. Brown M.J., Palmer C.R., Castaigne A. et al.: Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356: 366-372.
30. Grimm R.H. Jr., Svendsen K.H., Kasiske B. et al.: Proteinuria is a risk factor for mortality over 10 years of follow-up. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Kidney Int. Suppl. 1997; 63: S10-S14.
31. Jensen J.S., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Strandgaard S. et al.: Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria, and risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertension 2000; 35: 898-903.
32. Gerstein H.C., Yusuf S., Mann J.F.E. et al.: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-259.
33. Mann J.F.E., Gerstein H.C., Yi Q.L. et al.: Development of renal disease in people at high cardiovascular risk: results of the HOPE randomized study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14: 641-647.
34. Koomans H.A., Blankestijn P.J., Joles J.A.: Sympathetic hyperactivity in chronic renal failure: a wake-up call. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004; 15: 524-537.
35. Amman K., Wanner C., Ritz E.: Cross-talk between the kidney and the cardiovascular system. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006; 17: 2112-2119.
36. Go A.S., Chertow G.M., Fan D. et al.: Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351: 1296-1305.
37. Anavekar N.S., McMurray J.J., Velazquez E.J. et al.: Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351: 1285-1295.
38. Vanholder R., Massy Z., Argiles A. et al. (European Uremic Toxin Work Group): Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005; 20: 1048-1056.
39. Epstein M.: Aldosterone receptor blockade and the role of eplerenone: evolving perspectives. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003; 18: 1984-1992.
40. Hostetter T.H., Ibrahim H.N.: Aldosterone in chronic kidney disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14: 2395-2401.
41. Reams G.P., Lau A., Bauer J.H.: Effect of benazepril monotherapy in subjects with hypertension associated with renal dysfunction. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1989; 29: 609-614.
42. Maschio G., Alberti D., Janin G. et al.: Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 939-945.
43. Locatelli F., Del Vecchio L.: How long can dialysis be postponed by low protein diet and ACE inhibitors? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999; 14: 1360-1364.
44. Hou F.F., Zhang X., Zhang G.H. et al.: Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 131-140.
45. Hebert L.A.: Optimizing ACE-inhibitor therapy for chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 189-191.
46. Jaber B.L., Madias N.E.: Benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. Letter to the Editor. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 1530.
47. Coppo R., Peruzzi L., Amore A. et al.: IgACE: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children and young people with IgA nephropathy and moderate proteinuria. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18: 1880-1888.
48. Chen X., Qiu Q., Tang L. et al.: Effect of co-administration of urokinase and benazepril on severe IgA nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004; 19: 852-857.
49. Barnett A.H., Bain S.C., Bouter P. et al.: Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351: 1952-1961.
50. Mann J.F., Schmieder R.E., McQueen M. et al. (ONTARGET investigators): Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 547-553.
51. Strippoli G.F., Craig M., Schena F.P., Craig J.C.: Antihypertensive agents for primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005; 16: 3081-3091.
52. Shoda J., Kanno Y., Suzuki H.: A five-year comparison of the renal protective effects pf angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensi receptor blockers in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy. Intern. Med. 2006; 45: 193-198.
53. Bakris G.L., Toto R.D., McCullough P.A. et al.: Effect of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int. 2008; 73: 1303-1309.
54. Jamerson K., Weber M.A., Bakris G.L. et al.: Benazepril plus amlodypine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359: 2417-2428.
55. Liu X.P., Pang Y.J., Zhu W.W. et al.: Benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, alleviates renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats by inhibiting advanced glycation end-product-mediated pathways. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009; 36: 287-296.
56. Kunz R., Wolbers M., Glass T., Mann J.F.: The COOPERATE trial: a letter of concern. Lancet 2008; 371: 1575-1576.
57. Kunz R., Friedrich C., Wolbers M., Mann J.F.: Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 2008; 148: 30-48.
58. Rutkowski P., Tylicki L., Renke M. et al.: Low-dose dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with primary glomerulonephritis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2004; 43: 260-268.
59. Renke M., Tylicki L., Rutkowski P., Wojnarowski K., Lysiak-Szydlowska W., Rutkowski B.: Low-dose dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system improves tubular status in non-diabetic proteinuric patients. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2005; 39: 511-517.
60. MacKinnon M., Shurraw S., Akbari A. et al.: Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006; 48: 8-20.
2. Friedman E.A., Friedman A.L., Eggers P.: End-stage renal disease in diabetic persons: is the pandemic subsiding? Kidney Int. 2007; 70: S51-S54.
3. Friedman E.A., Friedman A.L.: Is there really good news about pandemic diabetic nephropathy? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007; 22: 681-683.
4. Thomas M.C., Atkins R.C.: Blood pressure lowering for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. Drugs 2006; 66: 2213-2234.
5. Michielsen P.: In memoriam ‘analgesic nephropathy’ (circa 1972-2006). Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007; 22: 999-1001.
6. Morgera S., Schneider M., Neumayer H.H.: Long-term outcomes after acute kidney injury. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 36 (4 Suppl): S193-S197.
7. Debelle F.D., Vanherweghem J.L., Nortier J.L.: Aristolochic acid nephropathy: a worldwide problem. Kidney Int. 2008; 74: 158-169.
8. Amirlak I., Amirlak B.: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: an overview. Nephrology 2006; 11: 213-218.
9. Reiss G., Kunz P., Koin D., Keeffe E.B.: Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in nursing homes: review of literature and report of recent outbreak. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006; 54: 680-684 (Review).
10. Sarnak M.J., Levey A.S., Schoolwerth A.C. et al.: Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1050-1065.
11. Wetzels J.F., Kiemeney L.A., Swinkels D. et al.: Age- and gender-specific reference values of estimated GFR in Caucasians: the Nijmegen Biomedical Study. Kidney Int. 2007; 72: 632-637.
12. Król E., Rutkowski B., Czarniak P. et al.: Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease: Results of the PolNef Study. Am. J. Nephrol. 2008; 29: 264-273.
13. Rutkowski B., Król E.: Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Central and Eastern Europe. Blood Purif. 2008; 26: 381-385.
14. Hoy W.E., Bertram J.F., Denton R.D., Zimanyi M., Samuel T., Hughson M.D.: Nephron number, glomerular volume, renal disease and hypertension. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2008; 17: 258-265.
15. Brenner B.M.: Remission of renal disease: recounting the challenge, acquiring the goal. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 10: 1753-1758.
16. Navar L.G.: The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 1522-1532.
17. Noronha I.L., Fujihara C.K., Zatz R.: The inflammatory component in progressive renal disease--are interventions possible? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002; 17: 363-368.
18. Suzuki Y., Ruiz-Ortega M., Gomez-Guerro C. et al.: Angiotensin II, the immune system and renal diseases: another road for RAS? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003; 18: 1423-1426.
19. Liu Y.: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal fibrogenesis: pathologic significance, molecular mechanism, and therapeutic intervention. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004; 15: 1-12.
20. Gruden G., Setti G., Hayward A. et al.: Mechanical stretch induces monocyte chemoattractant activity via an NF-kappaB-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated pathway in human mesangial cells: inhibition by rosiglitazone. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005; 16: 688-696.
21. Riser B.L., Varani J., Cortes P. et al.: Cyclic stretching of mesangial cells up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte adherence: a possible new mechanism for glomerulosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol. 2001; 158: 11-17.
22. Durvasula R.V., Petermann A.T., Hiromura K. et al.: Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain. Kidney Int. 2004; 65: 30-39.
23. Shackland S.J.: The podocyte’s response to injury: role in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 2131-2147.
24. Ruggenenti P., Perna A., Mosconi L., Pisoni R., Remuzzi G.: Urinary protein excretion rate is the best independent predictor of ESRF in nondiabetic proteinuric chronic nephropathies. Kidney Int. 1998; 53: 1209-1216.
25. Ishani A., Grandits G.A., Grimm R.H. et al.: Association of single measurements of dipstick proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and hematocrit with 25-year incidence of end-stage renal disease in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006; 17: 1444-1452.
26. Brin H., Christensen E.: Renal albumin absorption in physiology and pathology. Kidney Int. 2006; 69: 440-449.
27. Strutz F.M.: EMT and proteinuria as progression factors. Kidney Int. 2009; 75: 475-81.
28. Eijkelkamp W.B., Zhang Z., Remuzzi G. et al.: Albuminuria is a target for renoprotective therapy independent from blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: post hoc analysis from the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) trial. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18: 1540-1546.
29. Brown M.J., Palmer C.R., Castaigne A. et al.: Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356: 366-372.
30. Grimm R.H. Jr., Svendsen K.H., Kasiske B. et al.: Proteinuria is a risk factor for mortality over 10 years of follow-up. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Kidney Int. Suppl. 1997; 63: S10-S14.
31. Jensen J.S., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Strandgaard S. et al.: Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria, and risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertension 2000; 35: 898-903.
32. Gerstein H.C., Yusuf S., Mann J.F.E. et al.: Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-259.
33. Mann J.F.E., Gerstein H.C., Yi Q.L. et al.: Development of renal disease in people at high cardiovascular risk: results of the HOPE randomized study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14: 641-647.
34. Koomans H.A., Blankestijn P.J., Joles J.A.: Sympathetic hyperactivity in chronic renal failure: a wake-up call. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004; 15: 524-537.
35. Amman K., Wanner C., Ritz E.: Cross-talk between the kidney and the cardiovascular system. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006; 17: 2112-2119.
36. Go A.S., Chertow G.M., Fan D. et al.: Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351: 1296-1305.
37. Anavekar N.S., McMurray J.J., Velazquez E.J. et al.: Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351: 1285-1295.
38. Vanholder R., Massy Z., Argiles A. et al. (European Uremic Toxin Work Group): Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005; 20: 1048-1056.
39. Epstein M.: Aldosterone receptor blockade and the role of eplerenone: evolving perspectives. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003; 18: 1984-1992.
40. Hostetter T.H., Ibrahim H.N.: Aldosterone in chronic kidney disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003; 14: 2395-2401.
41. Reams G.P., Lau A., Bauer J.H.: Effect of benazepril monotherapy in subjects with hypertension associated with renal dysfunction. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1989; 29: 609-614.
42. Maschio G., Alberti D., Janin G. et al.: Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 939-945.
43. Locatelli F., Del Vecchio L.: How long can dialysis be postponed by low protein diet and ACE inhibitors? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999; 14: 1360-1364.
44. Hou F.F., Zhang X., Zhang G.H. et al.: Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 131-140.
45. Hebert L.A.: Optimizing ACE-inhibitor therapy for chronic renal failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 189-191.
46. Jaber B.L., Madias N.E.: Benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. Letter to the Editor. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 1530.
47. Coppo R., Peruzzi L., Amore A. et al.: IgACE: a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in children and young people with IgA nephropathy and moderate proteinuria. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18: 1880-1888.
48. Chen X., Qiu Q., Tang L. et al.: Effect of co-administration of urokinase and benazepril on severe IgA nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2004; 19: 852-857.
49. Barnett A.H., Bain S.C., Bouter P. et al.: Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351: 1952-1961.
50. Mann J.F., Schmieder R.E., McQueen M. et al. (ONTARGET investigators): Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 547-553.
51. Strippoli G.F., Craig M., Schena F.P., Craig J.C.: Antihypertensive agents for primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005; 16: 3081-3091.
52. Shoda J., Kanno Y., Suzuki H.: A five-year comparison of the renal protective effects pf angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensi receptor blockers in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy. Intern. Med. 2006; 45: 193-198.
53. Bakris G.L., Toto R.D., McCullough P.A. et al.: Effect of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int. 2008; 73: 1303-1309.
54. Jamerson K., Weber M.A., Bakris G.L. et al.: Benazepril plus amlodypine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359: 2417-2428.
55. Liu X.P., Pang Y.J., Zhu W.W. et al.: Benazepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, alleviates renal injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats by inhibiting advanced glycation end-product-mediated pathways. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009; 36: 287-296.
56. Kunz R., Wolbers M., Glass T., Mann J.F.: The COOPERATE trial: a letter of concern. Lancet 2008; 371: 1575-1576.
57. Kunz R., Friedrich C., Wolbers M., Mann J.F.: Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 2008; 148: 30-48.
58. Rutkowski P., Tylicki L., Renke M. et al.: Low-dose dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in patients with primary glomerulonephritis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2004; 43: 260-268.
59. Renke M., Tylicki L., Rutkowski P., Wojnarowski K., Lysiak-Szydlowska W., Rutkowski B.: Low-dose dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system improves tubular status in non-diabetic proteinuric patients. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 2005; 39: 511-517.
60. MacKinnon M., Shurraw S., Akbari A. et al.: Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006; 48: 8-20.