Consensus of European experts regarding the diagnosis and treatment of patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia Review article
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 30, 2016
Keywords:
atherogenic dyslipidemia, residual risk, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, fenofibrate
Main Article Content
Abstract
Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a frequently encountered lipid disorder in clinical practice, typically in patients with increasing insulin resistance – in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and in patients with chronic kidney disease. People with atherogenic dyslipidemia are at particularly high residual risk for cardiovascular events. In this article, the authors discuss the problem of atherogenic dyslipidemia diagnosis and the treatment of a patient with this disorder based on the last year published consensus of European experts.
Article Details
How to Cite
Chruściel, P., & Banach, M. (2016). Consensus of European experts regarding the diagnosis and treatment of patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 9(2(31), 153-160. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/jebm/article/view/2254
Issue
Section
Articles
Copyright © by Medical Education. All rights reserved.
References
1. LaRosa J.C., Grundy S.M., Waters D.D. et al.: Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352(14): 1425-1435.
2. Pedersen T.R., Faergeman O., Kastelein J.J. et al.: High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 200; 294(19): 2437-2445.
3. Cannon C.P., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H. et al.: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 200; 350(15): 1495-1504.
4. Baigent C., Keech A., Kearney P.M. et al.: Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366(9493): 1267-1278.
5. Lee K.H., Jeong M.H., Kim H.M. et al.; KAMIR (Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry) Investigators: Benefit of early statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction who have extremely low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 58(16): 1664-1671.
6. Banach M., Rizzo M., Obradovic M. et al.: PCSK9 inhibition – a novel mechanism to treat lipid disorders? Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013; 19(21): 3869-3877.
7. Katsiki N., Nikolic D., Montalto G. et al.: The role of fibrate treatment in dyslipidemia: an overview. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013; 19(17): 3124-3131.
8. Toth P.P., Barylski M., Nikolic D. et al.: Should low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) be treated? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014; 28(3): 353-368.
9. Barter P., Gotto A.M., La Rosa J.C. et al.; Treating to New Targets Investigators: HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 357: 1301-1310.
10. Gordon D.J., Probstfield J.L., Garrison R.J. et al.: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989; 79: 8-15.
11. Miller M., Cannon C.P., Murphy S.A. et al.; PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators: Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008; 51: 724-730.
12. Morrison A., Hokauson J.E.: The independent relationship between triglycerides and coronary heart disease. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2009; 5: 89-95.
13. Bruckert E., Baccara-Dinet M., McCoy F. et al.: High prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol in a pan-European survey of 8545 dyslipidaemic patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2005; 21(12): 1927-1934.
14. Krauss R.M.: Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(6): 1496-1504.
15. Vaziri N.D.: Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 2006; 290(2): F262-F272.
16. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome [online: http://www.idf.org/metabolic-syndrome].
17. Wyrzykowski B., Zdrojewski T., Bandosz P.: Zespół metaboliczny w Polsce. Kardiol. Pol. 2005; 62(supl. 2): 30-35.\
18. Taskinen M.R.: Insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 1995; 6: 153-160.
19. Frénais R., Ouguerram K., Maugeais C. et al.: High density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI kinetics in NIDDM: a stable isotope study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 578-583.
20. The FIELD study investigators: Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1849-1861.
21. The ACCORD Study Group: Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 362: 1563-1574.
22. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 2005-2016.
23. Adkins J.C., Faulds D.: Micronised fenofibrate: a review of its pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1997; 54: 615-333.
24. Kirchgassler K.U., Schmitz H., Bach G.: Effectiveness and tolerability of 12-week treatment with micronised fenofibrate 200 mg in a drug-monitoring programme involving 9884 patients with dyslipidaemia. Clin. Drug Invest. 1998; 15: 197-120.
25. Blane G.F.: Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives. Am. J. Med. 1987; 83: 26-36.
26. Balfour J.A., McTavish D., Heel R.C.: Fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1990; 40: 260-290.
27. Brown W.V., Dujovne C.A., Farquhar J.W. et al.: Effects of fenofibrate on plasma lipids: double-blind, multicenter study in patients with type IIA or IIB hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6: 670-678.
28. Roberts W.C.: Safety of fenofibrate – US and worldwide experience. Cardiology 1989; 76: 169-179.
29. Goldberg A.C., Feldman E.B., Ginsburg H.N. et al.: Fenofibrate for the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemias: a double-blind, placebo- controlled multicenter US study. Clin. Ther. 1989; 11: 69-83.
30. Levin A., Duncan L., Djurdjev O. et al.: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of lipid lowering strategies in patients with renal insufficiency: diet modification with or without fenofibrate. Clin. Nephrol. 2000; 53: 140-146.
31. Guay D.R.: Micronized fenofibrate: a new fibric acid hypolipidemic agent. Ann. Pharmacother. 1999; 33: 1083-1103.
32. Farnier M., Bonnefous F., Debbas N. et al.: Comparative efficacy and safety of micronized fenofibrate and simvastatin in patients with primary type IIa or IIb hyperlipidemia. Arch. Intern. Med. 1994; 154: 441-449.
33. Aguiar C., Alegria E., Bonadonna R.C. et al.: A review of the evidence on reducing macrovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia: A report from an expert consensus meeting on the role of fenofibrate-statin combination therapy. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2015; 19: 1-12.
34. Camont L., Chapman M.J., Kontush A.: Biological activities of HDL subpopulations and their relevance to cardiovascular disease. Trends Mol. Med. 2011; 17(10): 594-603.
35. Waldman B., Jenkins A.J., Davis T.M. et al.: HDL-C and HDL-C/ApoA-I predict long-term progression of glycemia in established type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37(8): 2351-2358.
36. Kostapanos M.S., Elisaf M.S.: High density lipoproteins and type 2 diabetes: emerging concepts in their relationship. World J. Exp. Med. 2014; 4(1): 1-6.
37. Carey V.J., Bishop L., Laranjo N. et al.: Contribution of high plasma triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to residual risk of coronary heart disease after establishment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control. Am. J. Cardiol. 2010; 106(6): 757-763.
2. Pedersen T.R., Faergeman O., Kastelein J.J. et al.: High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 200; 294(19): 2437-2445.
3. Cannon C.P., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H. et al.: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 200; 350(15): 1495-1504.
4. Baigent C., Keech A., Kearney P.M. et al.: Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366(9493): 1267-1278.
5. Lee K.H., Jeong M.H., Kim H.M. et al.; KAMIR (Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry) Investigators: Benefit of early statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction who have extremely low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 58(16): 1664-1671.
6. Banach M., Rizzo M., Obradovic M. et al.: PCSK9 inhibition – a novel mechanism to treat lipid disorders? Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013; 19(21): 3869-3877.
7. Katsiki N., Nikolic D., Montalto G. et al.: The role of fibrate treatment in dyslipidemia: an overview. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013; 19(17): 3124-3131.
8. Toth P.P., Barylski M., Nikolic D. et al.: Should low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) be treated? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014; 28(3): 353-368.
9. Barter P., Gotto A.M., La Rosa J.C. et al.; Treating to New Targets Investigators: HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 357: 1301-1310.
10. Gordon D.J., Probstfield J.L., Garrison R.J. et al.: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: four prospective American studies. Circulation 1989; 79: 8-15.
11. Miller M., Cannon C.P., Murphy S.A. et al.; PROVE IT-TIMI 22 Investigators: Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008; 51: 724-730.
12. Morrison A., Hokauson J.E.: The independent relationship between triglycerides and coronary heart disease. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2009; 5: 89-95.
13. Bruckert E., Baccara-Dinet M., McCoy F. et al.: High prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol in a pan-European survey of 8545 dyslipidaemic patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2005; 21(12): 1927-1934.
14. Krauss R.M.: Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(6): 1496-1504.
15. Vaziri N.D.: Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 2006; 290(2): F262-F272.
16. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome [online: http://www.idf.org/metabolic-syndrome].
17. Wyrzykowski B., Zdrojewski T., Bandosz P.: Zespół metaboliczny w Polsce. Kardiol. Pol. 2005; 62(supl. 2): 30-35.\
18. Taskinen M.R.: Insulin resistance and lipoprotein metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 1995; 6: 153-160.
19. Frénais R., Ouguerram K., Maugeais C. et al.: High density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI kinetics in NIDDM: a stable isotope study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 578-583.
20. The FIELD study investigators: Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1849-1861.
21. The ACCORD Study Group: Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 362: 1563-1574.
22. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group: MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 2005-2016.
23. Adkins J.C., Faulds D.: Micronised fenofibrate: a review of its pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1997; 54: 615-333.
24. Kirchgassler K.U., Schmitz H., Bach G.: Effectiveness and tolerability of 12-week treatment with micronised fenofibrate 200 mg in a drug-monitoring programme involving 9884 patients with dyslipidaemia. Clin. Drug Invest. 1998; 15: 197-120.
25. Blane G.F.: Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivatives. Am. J. Med. 1987; 83: 26-36.
26. Balfour J.A., McTavish D., Heel R.C.: Fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1990; 40: 260-290.
27. Brown W.V., Dujovne C.A., Farquhar J.W. et al.: Effects of fenofibrate on plasma lipids: double-blind, multicenter study in patients with type IIA or IIB hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6: 670-678.
28. Roberts W.C.: Safety of fenofibrate – US and worldwide experience. Cardiology 1989; 76: 169-179.
29. Goldberg A.C., Feldman E.B., Ginsburg H.N. et al.: Fenofibrate for the treatment of type IV and V hyperlipoproteinemias: a double-blind, placebo- controlled multicenter US study. Clin. Ther. 1989; 11: 69-83.
30. Levin A., Duncan L., Djurdjev O. et al.: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial of lipid lowering strategies in patients with renal insufficiency: diet modification with or without fenofibrate. Clin. Nephrol. 2000; 53: 140-146.
31. Guay D.R.: Micronized fenofibrate: a new fibric acid hypolipidemic agent. Ann. Pharmacother. 1999; 33: 1083-1103.
32. Farnier M., Bonnefous F., Debbas N. et al.: Comparative efficacy and safety of micronized fenofibrate and simvastatin in patients with primary type IIa or IIb hyperlipidemia. Arch. Intern. Med. 1994; 154: 441-449.
33. Aguiar C., Alegria E., Bonadonna R.C. et al.: A review of the evidence on reducing macrovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia: A report from an expert consensus meeting on the role of fenofibrate-statin combination therapy. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2015; 19: 1-12.
34. Camont L., Chapman M.J., Kontush A.: Biological activities of HDL subpopulations and their relevance to cardiovascular disease. Trends Mol. Med. 2011; 17(10): 594-603.
35. Waldman B., Jenkins A.J., Davis T.M. et al.: HDL-C and HDL-C/ApoA-I predict long-term progression of glycemia in established type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37(8): 2351-2358.
36. Kostapanos M.S., Elisaf M.S.: High density lipoproteins and type 2 diabetes: emerging concepts in their relationship. World J. Exp. Med. 2014; 4(1): 1-6.
37. Carey V.J., Bishop L., Laranjo N. et al.: Contribution of high plasma triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to residual risk of coronary heart disease after establishment of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control. Am. J. Cardiol. 2010; 106(6): 757-763.