Metformin – the effectiveness, safety, optimal doses in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Review article
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Published:
Jun 30, 2014
Keywords:
metformin, diabetes type 2, insulin resistance
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Abstract
Metformin is an efficacious hypoglycemic agent, acting by decreasing insulin resistance. In optimal doses metformin favourably affects not only carbohydrate but also lipid metabolism, body weight, fibrinolysis and cardiovascular system function. On the base of newest studies we can say that metformin is safe and efficient, first choice in treatment of diabetes type 2.
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Duda-Król, W. B. (2014). Metformin – the effectiveness, safety, optimal doses in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 7(2(23), 49-55. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/jebm/article/view/2367
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References
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29. Hamilton J., Cummings E., Zdravkovic V. et al.: Metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 138-143.
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31. Załącznik do Obwieszczenia Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 24 kwietnia 2013 r. w sprawie wykazu refundowanych leków, środków spożywczych specjalnego przeznaczenia żywieniowego oraz wyrobów medycznych na dzień 1 maja 2013 r.
32. Howlett H., Davidson J.: New prolonged-release metformin improves gastrointestinal tolerability. Br. J. Diabet. Vasc. Dis. 2004; 4: 273-277.
33. Salpeter S., Greyber E., Pasternak G. et al.: Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006; 25: CD002967.
34. Wright A.D., Cull C.A., Macleod K.M. et al.: Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients randomized to and maintained on monotherapy with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin or insulin for 6 years from diagnosis: UKPDS73. J. Diabetes Complications 2006; 20: 395-401.
35. Garber A.J., Duncan T.G., Goodman A.M. et al.: Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. Am. J. Med. 1997, 103: 491-497.
36. Pisarczyk-Wiza D., Wierusz-Wysocka B.: Maksymalizacja dawki metforminy – maksymalne efekty kliniczne. Diabetologia Praktyczna 2011; 12(6): 195-201.
37. McIntyre H.D., Ma A., Bird D.M. et al.: Metformin increases insulin sensitivity and basal glucose clearance in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 1991; 21: 714-719.
38. Grant P.J.: The effect of high-and medium-dose metformin therapy on cardiovascular risk factor in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 64-66.
2. IDF Diabetes Atlas, sixth edition.
3. Raport of a WHO Consultation: Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Geneva 1999.
4. Kahn C.R.: Banting Lecture. Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type II diabetes. Diabetes 1994; 43; 1066-84.
5. Zalecenia kliniczne dotyczące postępowania u chorych na cukrzycę 2013. Diabetologia Kliniczna 2013; 2(supl. A).
6. Nathan D.M., Buse J.B., Davidson M.B. et al.: Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustmentof therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Assiciation and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1711-1721.
7. International Diabetes Federation 2005, Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes.
8. Bailey C.J., Day C.: Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989; 12(8): 553-564.
9. Rabinowitz I.M.: Observations on the use synthalin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 1927; 17: 901-904.
10. Joslin E.P.: Proceedings of the nineteenth annual meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA, 2.05.1927. J. Clin. Invest. 1927; 4: 435-436.
11. Sterne J.: Du Nouveau dans les antidiabetiques. La NN dimethylamino guanyl guanidine (N.N.D.G.). Maroc. Medical 1957; 36: 1295-1296.
12. DeFronzo R.A., Goodman A.M.: Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333: 541-549.
13. Stumvoll M., Nurjhan N., Perriello G. et al.: Metabolic effect of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333: 550-554.
14. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Effect of Intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854-865.
15. Sieradzki J.: Cukrzyca. Tom 1. Wydanie 1. Via Medica, Gdańsk 2006: 445-452.
16. Bailey C.J., Turner R.C.: Metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 574-583.
17. Sasaki H., Asanuma H., Fujita M. et al.: Metformin Prevents Progression of Heart Failure in Dogs. Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Circulation 2009; 119: 2568-2577.
18. Hardie D.G.: The AMP-activated protein kinase pathway-new players upstream and downstream. J. Cell. Sci. 2004; 117: 5479-5487.
19. Eurich D.T., Majumdar S.R., McAlister F.A. et al.: Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2345-2351.
20. Abbasi F., Carantoni M., Chen Y.D. et al.: Further evidence for a central role of adipose tissue in the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1301-1305.
21. Grant P.J.: Beneficial effects of metformin on homeostasis and vascular function in man. Diabet. Metab. 2003; 29: 1083-1089.
22. Evans J.M., Donnelly L.A., Emslie-Smith A.M. et al.: Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients. BMJ 2005; 330: 1304-1305.
23. Milewicz T., Kiałka M., Mrozińska S. et al.: Metformina – potencjalny nowy lek w terapii nowotworów ginekologicznych. Przegląd Lekarski 2013; 70(2): 81-84.
24. Palomba S., Oppedisano R., Tolino A. et al.: Metformin use in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: an evidence-based overview. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2008; 16: 327-335.
25. Lindsay J.R., Duffy N.A., McKillop A.M. et al.: Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity by oral metforminin Type 2 diabetes. Diabet. Med. 2005; 22(5): 654-657.
26. Kosmalski M., Mikołajczyk M., Drzewoski J.: Niealkoholowe stłuszczenie wątroby – problem diagnostyczny i terapeutyczny. Przegląd Kardiodiabetologiczny 2009; 4(2): 71-78.
27. Glucophage Prescribing Information. Merck Serono, 34 Rue Saint-Romain, Lyon, Francja.
28. Sarnblad S., Kroon M., Aman J.: Metformin as additional therapy in adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: randomized placebo-controlled trial with aspects on insulin sensitivity. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2003; 149: 323-329.
29. Hamilton J., Cummings E., Zdravkovic V. et al.: Metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 138-143.
30. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program. Design and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 623-634.
31. Załącznik do Obwieszczenia Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 24 kwietnia 2013 r. w sprawie wykazu refundowanych leków, środków spożywczych specjalnego przeznaczenia żywieniowego oraz wyrobów medycznych na dzień 1 maja 2013 r.
32. Howlett H., Davidson J.: New prolonged-release metformin improves gastrointestinal tolerability. Br. J. Diabet. Vasc. Dis. 2004; 4: 273-277.
33. Salpeter S., Greyber E., Pasternak G. et al.: Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006; 25: CD002967.
34. Wright A.D., Cull C.A., Macleod K.M. et al.: Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients randomized to and maintained on monotherapy with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin or insulin for 6 years from diagnosis: UKPDS73. J. Diabetes Complications 2006; 20: 395-401.
35. Garber A.J., Duncan T.G., Goodman A.M. et al.: Efficacy of metformin in type II diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial. Am. J. Med. 1997, 103: 491-497.
36. Pisarczyk-Wiza D., Wierusz-Wysocka B.: Maksymalizacja dawki metforminy – maksymalne efekty kliniczne. Diabetologia Praktyczna 2011; 12(6): 195-201.
37. McIntyre H.D., Ma A., Bird D.M. et al.: Metformin increases insulin sensitivity and basal glucose clearance in type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 1991; 21: 714-719.
38. Grant P.J.: The effect of high-and medium-dose metformin therapy on cardiovascular risk factor in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 64-66.