5 facts on loperamid utility Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2020
Keywords:
loperamid, traveller diarrhoea, urgent stools
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Abstract
Diarrhea is a very common problem that can only be a non-specific symptom of the disease, but can also be an infectious complication or a harbinger of a chronic disease. For years, loperamide has found its place in the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea. The safety profile and efficacy of action allow the patient to self-use during the first disease period until symptoms disappear. The drug has beneficial effects in patients with urgency and after ileal surgery, by thickening and shaping the stool and influencing the tone of the rectal muscles. In addition, it works well in traveler’s diarrhea, alone or in combination therapy with a dedicated drug. It does not cause long-term side effects, it works quickly to control disease symptoms and prevent complications that worsen the course of the disease, such as dehydration. Despite other alternatives on the market, it is still at the forefront of effective and safe anti-diarrheal drugs.
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How to Cite
Waśko-Czopnik , D. (2020). 5 facts on loperamid utility. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 13(4(49), 504-507. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0420.19
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References
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2. Kalgutkar AS, Nguyen HT. Identification of an N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-like metabolite of the antidiarrheal agent loperamide in human liver microsomes: underlying reason(s) for the lack of neurotoxicity despite the bioactivation event. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004; 32(9): 943-52.
3. Yu JH, Kim HJ, Lee S et al. LC-MS determination and bioavailability study of loperamide hydrochlorideafter oral administration of loperamide capsule in human volunteers. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2004; 36(2): 421-7.
4. Kim KA, Chung J, Jung DH et al. Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004; 60(8): 575-81.
5. Eggleston W, Nacca, Marraffa JM. Loperamide toxicokinetics: serum concentrations in the overdose setting. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015; 53(5): 495-6.
6. Florez JD, Veroniki AA, Khalifah A et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018; 12(13): e0207701.
7. Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D et al. Global, regional and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. The Lancet. 2015; 385(9966): 430-40.
8. Florez ID, Al-Khalifah R, Sierra JM et al. The effectiveness and safety of treatments used for acute diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis in children: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews. 2016; 5(1): 1-9.
9. Alejandro B, Guillermo T, Ángeles PM. Formulation and Evaluation of Loperamide HCl Oro Dispersible Tablets. Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13(5): 100.
10. Agiba AM, Eldin AB. Insights into formulation technologies and novel strategies for the design of orally disintegrating dosage forms: A comprehensive industrial revive. Int J Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sci. 2019; 11(9): 118-20.
11. Fischbach W, Andresen V, Eberlin M et al. A Comprehensive comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of racecadotril with other treatment of acute diarrhea in adults. Front Med (Lausanne). 2016; 14(3): 44.
12. Taylor DN, Hamer DH, Shlim DR. Medications for the prevention and treatment of travellers’ diarrhea. J Travel Med. 2017; 24(suppl 1): S17-S22.
13. DuPont AW, Sellin JH. Ileostomy diarrhea. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006; 9(1): 39-48.
14. Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC et al. Travelers’ Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019; 13(1): 38-48.
15. Riddle MS, Connor P, Fraser J et al.; TrEAT TD Study Team. Trial Evaluating Ambulatory Therapy of Travelers’ Diarrhea (TrEAT TD) Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing 3 Single-Dose Antibiotic Regimens With Loperamide. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 65(12): 2008-17.
16. Hitch G. A Review of Guidelines/Guidance from Various Countries Around the World for the Prevention and Management of Travelers’ Diarrhea: A Pharmacist’s Perspective. Pharmacy (Basel). 2019; 7(3): 107.
17. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA updates warnings for oral and injectable fluoroquinolone antibiotics due to disabling side effects. Safety announcement. 2016.
18. Connor BA. The prevalent consultation: Travelers’diarrhea. In: CDC Yellow Book. Health Information for International Travel. Oxford University Press, New York 2020.
19. Baker DE. Loperamide: A pharmacological review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007; 7(suppl 3): 11-8.
20. Vandenbossche J, Huisman M, Xu Y et al. Loperamide and P-glycoprotein inhibition: assessment of the clinical relevance. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010; 62(4): 401-12.
21. Wu PE, Juurlink DN. Clinical Review: Loperamide Toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 2017; 70(2): 245-52.
22. Eggleston W, Palmer R, Dubé PA et al. Loperamide toxicity: recommendations for patient monitoring and management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020; 58(5): 355-9.