Resting heart rate and the use of β-blockers in the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2021
Keywords:
resting heart rate, elevated heart rate, prognosis, sympathetic activity, recommendations, heart rate lowering drugs
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Abstract
Higher resting heart rate was shown to correlate with worse prognosis both in general population and in various disease groups. Scientific societies dealing with patients with hypertension propose assessment of resting heart rate as a standard risk factor. In patients with uncomplicated hypertension and elevated resting heart rate they propose use of cardioselective β1-adrenolytics. This decision should be preceded by careful examination of potential modified reasons. In the paper we express several concerns regarding standard provision of heart rate lowering drugs in particular clinical situations. The algorithm showing proposed steps in assessment of elevated heart rate is provided.
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How to Cite
Waliczek, M., & Rozentryt, P. (2021). Resting heart rate and the use of β-blockers in the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 14(1(50), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0121.1
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References
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3. Kotecha D, Flather MD, Altman DG et al. Heart Rate and Rhythm and the Benefit of Beta-Blockers in Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(24): 2885-96.
4. Grassi G, Quarti-Trevano F, Seravalle G et al. Association Between the European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Heart Rate Thresholds for Cardiovascular Risk and Neuroadrenergic Markers. Hypertension. 2020; 76(2): 577-82.
5. Palatini P, Rosei EA, Casiglia E et al. Management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: Statement of the Second Consensus Conference endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2016; 34(5): 813-21.
6. Kuo TB, Lin T, Yang CC et al. Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277(6): H2233-9.
7. Carter JR. Microneurography and sympathetic nerve activity: a decade-by-decade journey across 50 years. J Neurophysiol. 2019; 121(4): 1183-94.
8. Jensen MT, Marott JL, Allin KH et al. Resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after adjusting for inflammatory markers: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012; 19(1): 102-8.
9. Leslie WS, Hankey CR, Lean MEJ. Weight gain as an adverse effect of some commonly prescribed drugs: a systematic review. QJM. 2007; 100(7): 395-404.
10. Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Antihypertensive treatment with beta-blockers and the spectrum of glycaemic control. QJM. 2006; 99(7): 431-6.
11. Rossi RC, Vanderlei LCM, Gonçalves ACCR et al. Impact of obesity on autonomic modulation, heart rate and blood pressure in obese young people. Auton Neurosci. 2015; 193: 138-41.
12. Ostchega Y, Porter KS, Hughes J et al. Resting pulse rate reference data for children, adolescents, and adults: United States, 1999-2008. Natl Health Stat Report. 2011(41): 1-16.
13. Eppinga RN, Hagemeijer Y, Burgess S et al. Identification of genomic loci associated with resting heart rate and shared genetic predictors with all-cause mortality. Nat Genet. 2016; 48(12): 1557-63.
14. Jensen MT. Resting heart rate and relation to disease and longevity: past, present and future. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2019; 79(1-2): 108-16.
15. Leeson CPM, Whincup PH, Cook DG et al. Cholesterol and Arterial Distensibility in the First Decade of Life. Circulation. 2000; 101(13): 1533-8.
16. Kampus P, Serg M, Kals J et al. Differential Effects of Nebivolol and Metoprolol on Central Aortic Pressure and Left Ventricular Wall Thickness. Hypertension. 2011; 57(6): 1122-8.
17. Tanboğa İH, Topçu S, Aksakal E et al. The Risk of Atrial Fibrillation With Ivabradine Treatment: A Meta-analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of More Than 40000 Patients. Clin Cardiol. 2016; 39(10): 615-20.
18. Galderisi M, D’Errico A. Beta-blockers and coronary flow reserve: the importance of a vasodilatory action. Drugs. 2008; 68(5): 579-90.
19. Nodari S, Metra M, Dei Cas L. Beta-blocker treatment of patients with diastolic heart failure and arterial hypertension. A prospective, randomized, comparison of the long-term effects of atenolol vs. nebivolol. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003; 5(5): 621-7.
20. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52(18): 1482-9.
21. Dalal J, Dasbiswas A, Sathyamurthy I et al. Heart Rate in Hypertension: Review and Expert Opinion. Int J Hypertens. 2019; 2019: 2087064.
22. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1): CD002003.
23. Meyer M, LeWinter MM. Heart Rate and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2019; 12(8): e006213.
24. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(33): 3021-104.
25. Tykarski A, Filipiak KJ, Januszewicz A et al. Zasady postępowania w nadciśnieniu tętniczym – 2019 rok. Wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Nadciśnienia Tętniczego. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze w Praktyce. 2019; 5(1): 1-88.
26. Dondo TB, Hall M, West RM et al. β-Blockers and Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Without Heart Failure or Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(22): 2710-20.
27. Edelmann F, Musial-Bright L, Gelbrich G et al. Tolerability and Feasibility of Beta-Blocker Titration in HFpEF Versus HFrEF: Insights From the CIBIS-ELD Trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2016; 4(2): 140-9.
28. Conraads VM, Metra M, Kamp O et al. Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012; 14(2): 219-25.
29. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG et al. Ivabradine in Stable Coronary Artery Disease without Clinical Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(12): 1091-9.
30. Seleme VB, Marques GL, Mendes AEM et al. Nebivolol for the Treatment of Essential Systemic Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2020. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-020-00422-0.
31. Kampus P, Serg M, Kals J et al. Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on central aortic pressure and left ventricular wall thickness. Hypertension. 2011; 57(6): 1122-8.
32. Olawi N, Krüger M, Grimm D et al. Nebivolol in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019; 125(3): 189-201.
33. Niklas A, Marcinkowska J, Kozela M et al. Blood pressure and cholesterol control in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: the results from the Polish multicenter national health survey WOBASZ II. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2019; 129(12): 864-73.
34. Stepaniak U, Micek A, Waśkiewicz A et al. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and overweight among adults in Poland. Results of the WOBASZ II study (2013–2014) and comparison with the WOBASZ study (2003–2005). Pol Arch Intern Med. 2016; 126(9): 662-71.
35. Kumar R, Mal K, Begum J et al. Comparison of Nebivolol and Bisoprolol for Cardiovascular Mortality in Hypertensive Patients. Cureus. 2019; 11(12): e6453.
36. Basile J, Egan B, Punzi H et al. Risk of Hospitalization for Cardiovascular Events with β-Blockers in Hypertensive Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cardiol Ther. 2018; 7(2): 173-83.
37. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324(12): 781-8.
2. Gillman MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: The Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1993; 125(4): 1148-54.
3. Kotecha D, Flather MD, Altman DG et al. Heart Rate and Rhythm and the Benefit of Beta-Blockers in Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(24): 2885-96.
4. Grassi G, Quarti-Trevano F, Seravalle G et al. Association Between the European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Heart Rate Thresholds for Cardiovascular Risk and Neuroadrenergic Markers. Hypertension. 2020; 76(2): 577-82.
5. Palatini P, Rosei EA, Casiglia E et al. Management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: Statement of the Second Consensus Conference endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2016; 34(5): 813-21.
6. Kuo TB, Lin T, Yang CC et al. Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277(6): H2233-9.
7. Carter JR. Microneurography and sympathetic nerve activity: a decade-by-decade journey across 50 years. J Neurophysiol. 2019; 121(4): 1183-94.
8. Jensen MT, Marott JL, Allin KH et al. Resting heart rate is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after adjusting for inflammatory markers: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012; 19(1): 102-8.
9. Leslie WS, Hankey CR, Lean MEJ. Weight gain as an adverse effect of some commonly prescribed drugs: a systematic review. QJM. 2007; 100(7): 395-404.
10. Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL. Antihypertensive treatment with beta-blockers and the spectrum of glycaemic control. QJM. 2006; 99(7): 431-6.
11. Rossi RC, Vanderlei LCM, Gonçalves ACCR et al. Impact of obesity on autonomic modulation, heart rate and blood pressure in obese young people. Auton Neurosci. 2015; 193: 138-41.
12. Ostchega Y, Porter KS, Hughes J et al. Resting pulse rate reference data for children, adolescents, and adults: United States, 1999-2008. Natl Health Stat Report. 2011(41): 1-16.
13. Eppinga RN, Hagemeijer Y, Burgess S et al. Identification of genomic loci associated with resting heart rate and shared genetic predictors with all-cause mortality. Nat Genet. 2016; 48(12): 1557-63.
14. Jensen MT. Resting heart rate and relation to disease and longevity: past, present and future. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2019; 79(1-2): 108-16.
15. Leeson CPM, Whincup PH, Cook DG et al. Cholesterol and Arterial Distensibility in the First Decade of Life. Circulation. 2000; 101(13): 1533-8.
16. Kampus P, Serg M, Kals J et al. Differential Effects of Nebivolol and Metoprolol on Central Aortic Pressure and Left Ventricular Wall Thickness. Hypertension. 2011; 57(6): 1122-8.
17. Tanboğa İH, Topçu S, Aksakal E et al. The Risk of Atrial Fibrillation With Ivabradine Treatment: A Meta-analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of More Than 40000 Patients. Clin Cardiol. 2016; 39(10): 615-20.
18. Galderisi M, D’Errico A. Beta-blockers and coronary flow reserve: the importance of a vasodilatory action. Drugs. 2008; 68(5): 579-90.
19. Nodari S, Metra M, Dei Cas L. Beta-blocker treatment of patients with diastolic heart failure and arterial hypertension. A prospective, randomized, comparison of the long-term effects of atenolol vs. nebivolol. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003; 5(5): 621-7.
20. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52(18): 1482-9.
21. Dalal J, Dasbiswas A, Sathyamurthy I et al. Heart Rate in Hypertension: Review and Expert Opinion. Int J Hypertens. 2019; 2019: 2087064.
22. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1): CD002003.
23. Meyer M, LeWinter MM. Heart Rate and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2019; 12(8): e006213.
24. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(33): 3021-104.
25. Tykarski A, Filipiak KJ, Januszewicz A et al. Zasady postępowania w nadciśnieniu tętniczym – 2019 rok. Wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Nadciśnienia Tętniczego. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze w Praktyce. 2019; 5(1): 1-88.
26. Dondo TB, Hall M, West RM et al. β-Blockers and Mortality After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Without Heart Failure or Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 69(22): 2710-20.
27. Edelmann F, Musial-Bright L, Gelbrich G et al. Tolerability and Feasibility of Beta-Blocker Titration in HFpEF Versus HFrEF: Insights From the CIBIS-ELD Trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2016; 4(2): 140-9.
28. Conraads VM, Metra M, Kamp O et al. Effects of the long-term administration of nebivolol on the clinical symptoms, exercise capacity, and left ventricular function of patients with diastolic dysfunction: results of the ELANDD study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012; 14(2): 219-25.
29. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG et al. Ivabradine in Stable Coronary Artery Disease without Clinical Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(12): 1091-9.
30. Seleme VB, Marques GL, Mendes AEM et al. Nebivolol for the Treatment of Essential Systemic Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2020. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-020-00422-0.
31. Kampus P, Serg M, Kals J et al. Differential effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on central aortic pressure and left ventricular wall thickness. Hypertension. 2011; 57(6): 1122-8.
32. Olawi N, Krüger M, Grimm D et al. Nebivolol in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019; 125(3): 189-201.
33. Niklas A, Marcinkowska J, Kozela M et al. Blood pressure and cholesterol control in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: the results from the Polish multicenter national health survey WOBASZ II. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2019; 129(12): 864-73.
34. Stepaniak U, Micek A, Waśkiewicz A et al. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity and overweight among adults in Poland. Results of the WOBASZ II study (2013–2014) and comparison with the WOBASZ study (2003–2005). Pol Arch Intern Med. 2016; 126(9): 662-71.
35. Kumar R, Mal K, Begum J et al. Comparison of Nebivolol and Bisoprolol for Cardiovascular Mortality in Hypertensive Patients. Cureus. 2019; 11(12): e6453.
36. Basile J, Egan B, Punzi H et al. Risk of Hospitalization for Cardiovascular Events with β-Blockers in Hypertensive Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cardiol Ther. 2018; 7(2): 173-83.
37. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324(12): 781-8.