Depressive and anxiety disorders and the COVID-19 pandemic Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2021
Keywords:
mental health, epidemiology, PTSD, depression, trauma, adjustment disorders
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Abstract
COVID-19 has quickly become a global health emergency resulting in not only physical health concerns but also psychological concerns as people are exposed to unexpected deaths or threats of death. For example, healthcare workers who have close contact with COVID-19 patients are not only exposed to the virus on a regular basis, but they may also be witnessing increased illnesses, deaths, and supply shortages. In addition, patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 experience social isolation, physical discomfort, and fear for survival. These exposures increase the risk of developing PTSD. In addition, the risk may further be enhanced during the subsequent weeks when these individuals may lack immediate social support due to the need to self-quarantine. Moreover, the rates of depressive and anxiety disorders are presumably increasing, however, data are inconsistent.
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How to Cite
Szulc , A. (2021). Depressive and anxiety disorders and the COVID-19 pandemic. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 14(4(53), 356-363. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0421.4
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3. Sozzi M. Algeri L, Corsano M et al. Neuropsychology in the Times of COVID-19. The Role of the Psychologist in Taking Charge of Patients With Alterations of Cognitive Functions. Front Neurol. 2020; 11: 573207.
4. Alonso-Lana S, Marquie M, Ruiz A et al. Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19 and Effects on Elderly Individuals With Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020; 12: 588872.
5. Baker HA, Savafynia SA, Evered LA. The ‘third wave’: impending cognitive and functional decline in COVID-19 survivors. Br J Anaesth. 2021; 126(1): 44e47.
6. Khademi M, Vaziri-Harami R, Shams J. Prevalence of Mental Health Problems and Its Associated Factors Among Recovered COVID-19 Patients During the Pandemic: A Single-Center Study. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12: 602244.
7. Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(7): 611-27.
8. Taquet M, Geddes JR, Hussain M et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021; 8: 416-27.
9. Sinanovic O, Muftic M, Sinanovic S. COVID-19 Pandemia: Neuropsychiatric Comorbidity and Consequences. Psychiatr Danub. 2020; 32(2): 236-44.
10. Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Kronenberg G. Psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of COVID-19. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021; 271(2): 235-48.
11. Phiri P, Ramakrishnan R, Rathod S et al. An evaluation of the mental health impact of SARS-CoV-2 on patients, general public and healthcare professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. E Clinical Medicine. 2021; 34.
12. ICD-11 – Międzynarodowa Klasyfikacja Chorób. WHO 2019.
13. Kazlauskas E, Zelviene P, Lorenz L et al. A scoping review of ICD-11 adjustment disorder research. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2018; 8: 1421819.
14. Cloitre M. ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations. Br J Psychiatry. 2020; 216: 129-31. http://doi.org/ 10.1192/bjp.2020.43.
15. O’Donnell ML, Alkemade N, Nickerson A et al. Impact of the diagnostic changes to post-traumatic stress disorder for DSM-5 and the proposed changes to ICD-11. Br J Psychiatry. 2014; 205: 230-5. http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135285.
16. Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World Psychiatry. 2013; 12: 198-206.
17. Murphy S, Elklit A, Dokkedahl S et al. Testing competing factor models of the latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder according to ICD-11. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2018; 9: 1457393. http://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1457393.
18. Galecki P, Szulc A. Psychiatria. Edra Urban, Wrocław 2018.
19. Hamed MGM, Hagag RS. Med Hypotheses. The possible immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in coronavirus disease patients. Med Hypotheses. 2020; 144: 110140.
20. Samochowiec J, Dudek D, Kucharska-Mazur J et al. Leczenie farmakologiczne epizodu depresji i zaburzeń depresyjnych nawracających – wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychiatrycznego i Konsultanta Krajowego ds. Psychiatrii Dorosłych. Psychiatr Pol. 2021; 55(2): 235-59.
21. Giannopoulou I, Galinaki S, Kollintza E et al. COVID-19 and post-traumatic stress disorder: The perfect ‘storm’ for mental health (Review). Exp Ther Med. 2021; 22: 1162.
22. Kyzar EJ, Purpura LJ, Shah J et al. Anxiety, depression, insomnia, and trauma-related symptoms following COVID-19 infection at long-term follow-up. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021; 16: 100315. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100315.