Impact of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal tract – 2 years after the pandemic outbreak Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2022
Keywords:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, gastrointestinal tract, irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections are often manifested with gastrointestinal symptoms, which poses a major therapeutic challenge for the clinicians. After more than 2 years of experience with the pandemic, it is also well known that after resolution of symptoms and eradication of the virus, the risk of developing the post-COVID syndrome, of which functional gastrointestinal disorders may be the predominant component, increases significantly. There is also a clear trend toward significant exacerbation of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia diagnosed in the pre-pandemic period. An important part of outpatient care is telemedicine oriented toward a reliable medical history taking into account possible alarming symptoms. Medications with proven efficacy and a high safety profile, including spasmolytics and prokinetics, are recommended for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in the pandemic era.
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How to Cite
Radwan , K., & Radwan , P. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on gastrointestinal tract – 2 years after the pandemic outbreak. Medycyna Faktow (J EBM), 15(1(54), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0122.3
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References
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2. Boban M. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update on epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical course and treatments. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(4): e13868.
3. Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Rahman MM et al. Post-infection functional gastrointestinal disorders following coronavirus disease-19: A case-control study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021: 10.1111.
4. Kamal M, Abo Omirah M, Hussein A et al. Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations. Int J Clin Pract. 2021; 75(3): e13746.
5. Radwan K. Zakażenie koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) a przewód pokarmowy. Medycyna Faktów. 2020; 1(46): 36-42.
6. Ye Q, Wang B, Zhang T et al. The mechanism and treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2020; 319(2): G245-G52.
7. Hikmet F, Méar L, Edvinsson Å et al. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol. 2020; 16: e9610.
8. Hunt RH, East JE, Lanas A et al. COVID-19 and Gastrointestinal Disease: Implications for the Gastroenterologist. Dig Dis. 2021; 39(2): 119-39. http://doi.org/10.1159/000512152.
9. Redd WD, Zhou JC, Hathorn KE et al. Prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the United States: a multicenter cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159(2): 765-7.
10. Chen Y, Chen L, Deng Q et al. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020; 92: 833-40.
11. Marasco G, Lenti MV, Cremon C et al. Implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection for neurogastroenterology. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021; 33(3): e14104.
12. Settanni CR, Ianiro G, Ponziani FR et al. COVID-19 as a trigger of irritable bowel syndrome: A review of potential mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27(43): 7433-45.
13. Ghoshal UC. Postinfection Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut Liver. 2021. http://doi.org/10.5009/gnl210208. Online ahead of print.
14. Schmulson M, Ghoshal UC, Barbara G. Managing the inevitable surge of post-COVID-19 functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021; 116: 4-7.
15. Barbara G, Grover M, Bercik P et al. Rome Foundation working team report on post-infection irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2019; 156: 46-58.
16. Effenberger M, Grabherr F, Mayr L et al. Faecal calprotectin indicates intestinal inflammation in COVID-19. Gut. 2020; 69: 1543-4.
17. Klem F, Wadhwa A, Prokop LJ et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of irritable bowel syndrome after infectious enteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017; 152: 1042-54.
18. Esposito G, Pesce M, Seguella L et al. Can the enteric nervous system be an alternative entrance door in SARS-CoV2 neuroinvasion? Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 93-4.
19. Bostancıklıoğlu M. Temporal Correlation Between Neurological and Gastrointestinal Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020; 26(8): e89-e91.
20. Radwan P, Skrzydło-Radomańska B. Rola mikroflory jelitowej w zdrowiu i chorobie. Gastroenterol Prakt. 2013; 2: 1-11.
21. Vodnar D-C, Mitrea L, Teleky B-E et al. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) caused by (SARS-CoV-2) infections: a real challenge for human gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020; 10: 575559.
22. Dhar D, Mohanty A. Gut microbiota and Covid-19 – possible link and implications. Virus Res. 2020; 285: 198018.
23. De Oliveira GLV, Oliveira CNS, Cardoso CRB. Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 635471.
24. Gubatan J, Zikos T, Bishop ES et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and healthcare utilization have increased among patients with functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021; e14243. http://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.14243.
25. Oliviero G, Ruggiero L, D’Antonio E. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on symptoms in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders: Relationship with anxiety and perceived stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021; 33(5): e14092.
26. Oshima T, Siah KTH, Yoshimoto T et al. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: A population-based survey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 36(7): 1820-7.
27. Perisetti A, Goyal H. Successful Distancing: Telemedicine in Gastroenterology and Hepatology During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dig Dis Sci. 2021; 66(4): 945-53.
28. Yang YJ, Bang CS, Baik GH. Prokinetics for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017; 17(1): 83.
29. Kountouras J, Chatzopoulos D, Zavos C. Efficacy of trimebutine therapy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002; 49(43): 193-7.