Cancer pain as a meaningful aspect of the oncological treatment Review article
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Published:
Jan 10, 2021
Keywords:
pain, scales, cancer, analgesic treatment, palliative care
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Abstract
Introduction and objective: Pain is the most common and universal symptom among all patients with the oncological disease. Pain significantly reduces the quality of life, hinders decent functioning, and plays a significant role in the deterioration of the mental health of the patient and his close relatives. The study aimed to discuss the mainstreaming of effective pain treatment and to review various assessments and scales (including Brief Pain Inventory, Illness Perception Questionnaire and Numeric Rating Scale) concerning the psychological aspect of pain in selected neoplastic diseases.State of knowledge: We can distinguish various treatments for pain that can be divided into pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Latest studies revealed that pain treatment appears to be more and more meaningful. Various factors might influence pain perception and response to the applied treatment. Among all malignancies, special attention is paid to the pain issue in following cancers: colon cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer, that were described in this paper.
Conclusions: Effective pain relief presents a positive effect, both on the physical and mental state of the patient. It also helps to maintain calm mental health among relatives. Nowadays, integration of the best methods for pain relief that are characterized as humanitarian, easily accessible and effective, seems to be one of the biggest challenges for both oncological and palliative health workers.
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1.
Marzec I, Grabska K, Fudalej MM, Badowska-Kozakiewicz AM. Cancer pain as a meaningful aspect of the oncological treatment. OncoReview [Internet]. 2021Jan.10 [cited 2024Nov.22];10(4(40):145-52. Available from: https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/OncoReview/article/view/1146
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PERSONALIZED ONCOLOGY
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
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2. Porter L, Keefe F. Psychosocial issues in cancer pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011; 15(4): 263-70.
3. Breivik H, Cherny N, Collett B et al. Cancer-related pain: a pan-European survey of prevalence, treatment, and patient attitudes. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20(8): 1420-33.
4. Yang J, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler DL et al. The Modified WHO Analgesic Ladder: Is it Appropriate for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain? J Pain Res. 2020; 13: 411-7.
5. Portenoy R. Treatment of cancer pain. Lancet. 2011; 377(9784): 2236-47.
6. Leppert W, Zajaczkowska R, Wordliczek J et al. Pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of pain in most common locations in cancer patients. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016; 67(6): 787-99.
7. Russo MM, Sundaramurthi T. An Overview of Cancer Pain: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2019; 35(3): 223-8.
8. Yoon SY, Oh J. Neuropathic cancer pain: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. Korean J Intern Med. 2018; 33(6): 1058-69.
9. Jensen TS, Finnerup NB. Allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain: clinical manifestations and mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13(9): 924-35.
10. Tsuda M. New approach for investigating neuropathic allodynia by optogenetics. Pain. 2019; 160(suppl 1): 53-8.
11. Davis MP. Cancer-Related Neuropathic Pain: Review and Selective Topics. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018; 32(3): 417-31.
12. Jongen JL, Hujisman ML, Jessurun J et al. The evidence for pharmacologic treatment of neuropathic cancer pain: beneficial and adverse effects. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013; 46(4): 581-90.e1.
13. Sisignano M, Baron R, Scholich K et al. Mechanism-based treatment for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014; 10(12): 694-707.
14. Müller-Schwefe G, Ahlbeck K, Aldington D et al. Pain in the cancer patient: different pain characteristics CHANGE pharmacological treatment requirements. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014; 30(9): 1895-908.
15. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14(2): 162-73.
16. Smith EM, Pang H, Cirrincione C et al. Effect of duloxetine on pain, function, and quality of life among patients with chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013; 309(13): 1359-67.
17. Kim HK, Kwon JY, Yoo C et al. The Analgesic Effect of Rolipram, a Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, on Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Anesth Analg. 2015; 121(3): 822-8.
18. Kuyrukluyıldız U, Kupeli I, Bedir Z et al. The Effect of Anakinra on Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2016; 44(6): 287-94.
19. Araki M, Matsuoka T, Miyamoto K et al. Efficacy of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica: a pilot study. Neurology. 2014; 82(15): 1302-6.
20. Prescott S A, Ratté S. Chapter 23 – Somatosensation and Pain, in Conn's Translational Neuroscience. Conn PM (ed). San Diego, Academic Press 2017; 517-39.
21. Nijs J, Leysen L, Adriaenssens N et al. Pain following cancer treatment: Guidelines for the clinical classification of predominant neuropathic, nociceptive and central sensitization pain. Acta Oncol. 2016; 55(6): 659-63.
22. Schmidt BL, Hamamoto DT, Simone DA et al. Mechanism of cancer pain. Mol Interv. 2010; 10(3): 164-78.
23. Bechakra M, Moerdijk F, van Rosmalen J et al. Opioid responsiveness of nociceptive versus mixed pain in clinical cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2018; 105: 79-87.
24. Van den Beuken-van Everdingen M, de Rijke J, Kessels A et al. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the past 40 years. Ann Oncol. 2007; 18(9): 1437-49.
25. Greco M, Roberto A, Corli O et al. Quality of cancer pain management: an update of a systematic review of undertreatment of patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(36): 4149-54.
26. Hastie B, Gilson A, Maurer M et al. An examination of global and regional opioid consumption trends 1980-2011. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2014; 28(3): 259-75.
27. Deandrea S, Corli O, Consonni D et al. Prevalence of Breakthrough Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and a Pooled Analysis of Published Literature. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014; 47(1): 57-76.
28. Magee D, Bachtold S, Brown M et al. Cancer pain: where are we now? Pain Manag. 2019; 9(1): 63-79.
29. Syrjala K, Jensen M, Mendoza M et al. Psychological and behavioral approaches to cancer pain management. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(16): 1703-11.
30. Imam M, Kuo A, Ghassabian S et al. Progress in understanding mechanisms of opioid-induced gastrointestinal adverse effects and respiratory depression. Neuropharmacology. 2018; 15(131): 238-55.
31. Pannunzio A, Coluccia M. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-1 Inhibitors in Cancer: A Review of Oncology and Medicinal Chemistry Literature. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2018; 11(4): 101.
32. Magee DJ, Jhanji S, Poulogiannis G et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pain in cancer patients: a systematic review and reappraisal of the evidence. Br J Anaesth. 2019; 123(2): e412-e23.
33. Poquet N, Lin C. The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). J Physiother. 2016; 62(1): 52.
34. Castel L, Abernethy A, Li Y et. al. Hazards for Pain Severity and Pain Interference with Daily Living, with Exploration of Brief Pain Inventory Cutpoints, Among Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007; 34(4): 380-92.
35. Montgomery G, Schnur J, Erblich J et al. Pre-surgery Psychological Factors Predict Pain, Nausea, and Fatigue One Week After Breast Cancer Surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010; 39(6): 1043-52.
36. Cindy C, Wijovi F, Putri H et al. Correlation between Cancer Pain and Psychological Health Problems in Breast Cancer Patients: A Preliminary Study. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30(6): 146.
37. Sipila R, Kalso E, Lotsch J. Machine-learned identification of psychological subgroups with relation to pain interference in patients after breast cancer treatments. Breast. 2020; 50: 71-80.
38. NCI SEER Database. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Ovary Cancer. 2015. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/ovary.html (access: 20.09.2020).
39. American Cancer S. Cancer Facts & Figures 2015. American Cancer Society. 2015. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancerfactsfigures-2015.html (access: 20.09.2020).
40. Stavraka C, Ford A, Ghaem-Maghami S et al. A study of symptoms described by ovarian cancer survivors. Gynecol Oncol. 2012; 125(1): 59-64.
41. Kyung-Hye H, Ok-Hee C, Yang-Sook Y. Symptom clusters of ovarian cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and their emotional status and quality of life. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2016; 21: 215-22.
42. Katumba J, Obore S, Kaye DK. Health‐related quality of life among patients with ovarian cancer at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2013; 122(2): 115-7.
43. Shaunfield S, Jensen S, Fisher A et al. Further content validation of the 18-itemNCCN/FACT Ovarian Symptom Index and its Disease Related Symptom- Physical(DRS-P) subscale for use in advanced ovarian cancer clinical trials. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2019; 17(1): 185.
44. Gilbertson-White S, Campbell G, Ward S et al. Coping with Pain Severity, Distress, and Consequences in Women with Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2017; 40(2): 117-23.
45. So W, Marsh G, Ling W et al. The symptom cluster of fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression and the effect on the quality of life of women receiving treatment for breast cancer: a multicenter study. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2009; 36(4): E205-14.
46. Mao Y, Yang D, He J et al. Epidemiology of Lung Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2016; 25(3): 439-45.
47. Barbera L, Paszat L, Qiu F. End-of-life care in lung cancer patients in Ontario: Aggressiveness of care in the population and a description of hospital admissions. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008; 35(3): 267-74.
48. Zajączkowska R, Kocot-Kępska M, Leppert W et al. Bone Pain in Cancer Patients: Mechanisms and Current Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(23): 6047.
49. Polański J, Jankowska-Polańska B, Mazur G et al. Strategies of Coping with Pain: Differences Associated with the Histological Type of Lung Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019; 1222: 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_429.
50. Potter J, Higginson J. Pain experienced by lung cancer patients: a review of prevalence, causes and pathophysiology. Lung Cancer. 2004; 43: 247-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2003.08.030.
51. Morrison E, Novotny P, Sloan J et al. Emotional Problems, Quality of Life, and Symptom Burden in Lung Cancer Patients. Clin Lung Cancer. 2017; 18(5): 497-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2017.02.008.
52. Berendes D, Keefe F, Somers T. Hope in the context of lung cancer: relationships of hope to symptoms and psychological distress. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010; 40(2): 174-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpainsymman.2010.01.014.
53. Steffen L, Cheavens J, Vowles K et al. Hope-related goal cognitions and daily experiences of fatigue, pain, and functional concern among lung cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2020; 28(2): 827-35.
54. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68: 394-424.
55. Bertelsen CA, Larsen HM, Neuenschwander AU et al. Long-term Functional Outcome After Right-Sided Complete Mesocolic Excision Compared With Conventional Colon Cancer Surgery: A Population-Based Questionnaire Study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018; 61(9): 1063-72.
56. McCombie A, Frizelle F, Bagshaw F et al. The ALCCaS Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Quality of Life Following Laparoscopic Versus Open Colectomy for Colon Cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018; 61(10): 1156-62.
57. Gonzalez-Saenz de Tejada M, Bilbao A, Baréb M et al. Association between social support, functional status and change in Health Related Quality of Life and changes in anxiety and depression in colorectal cancer patients. Psychooncology. 2017; 26(9): 1263-9.
58. Mols F, Beijers T, Lemmens V et al. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and its association with quality of life among 2- to 11-year colorectal cancer survivors: results from the population-based PROFILES registry. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(21): 2699-707.
59. Matsuoka T , Yoshida Y, Aisu N et al. Evaluation of vascular pain in patients with colorectal cancer receiving peripheral venous chemotherapy with or without oxaliplatin. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 1819.
60. Vonk-Klaassen S, de Vocht H, den Ouden M et al. Ostomy-related problems and their impact on quality of life of colorectal cancer ostomates: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2016; 25(1): 125-33.
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