Acute coronary syndrome in cancer patients. Part II: invasive and conservative treatment options, takotsubo syndrome problem Review article
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Published:
Nov 2, 2020
Keywords:
cardio-oncology, acute coronary syndrome, treatment strategies
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Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and oncological disease are more frequently observed in the general population as discussed in the part I of this article. Treatment of myocardial infarction in oncological patients becomes a real struggle for clinicians, especially that the data from clinical trials including cancer patients with ACS are very limited. The choice of treatment modality should consider many existing factors considering the type of ACS – non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction vs ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, patient’s condition, type of cancer and oncological treatment applied. Taking into consideration above mentioned factors, clinicians have to face three therapeutic options: invasive, conservative or combination of both in order to choose the best and most beneficial treatment. This article summarizes the current therapeutic approach to the management of ACS in cancer patients.
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1.
Piotrowski G. Acute coronary syndrome in cancer patients. Part II: invasive and conservative treatment options, takotsubo syndrome problem. OncoReview [Internet]. 2020Nov.2 [cited 2024Nov.22];10(3(39):89-7. Available from: https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/OncoReview/article/view/1099
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CARDIO-ONCOLOGY
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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2. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(3): 267-315.
3. Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K et al. DANAMI-2 Investigators. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(8): 733-42.
4. Potts JE, Iliescu CA, Lopez Mattei JC et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention in cancer patients: a report on the prevalence and outcomes in the United States. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40: 1790-800.
5. Guddati AK, Joy PS, Kumar G. Analysis of outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in metastatic cancer patients with acute coronary syndrome over a 10-year period. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016; 142: 471-9.
6. Yusuf SW, Daraban N, Abbasi N et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in the cancer population. Clin Cardiol. 2012; 35(7): 443-50.
7. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A et al. [2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization]. Kardiol Pol. 2018; 76(12): 1585-1664.
8. Giza DE, Boccalandro F, Lopez-Mattei J et al. Ischemic Heart Disease: Special Considerationsn Cardio-Oncology. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017(5): 3-13.
9. Yadav PK, Bagur R, Baquero GA et al. Safety and Feasibility of Transradial Catheterization in Breast Cancer Survivors: A 2-Center International Experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015; 8(4): 639-41.
10. Rao SV, Kedev S. Approaching the post-femoral era for coronary angiography and intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2015; 8: 524-6.
11. Lozano I, Batalla A, Rondan J et al. Radial Artery in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Possible Choice but Always With Caution. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015; 8(9): 1275-6.
12. Iliescu CA, Grines CL, Herrmann J et al. SCAI Expert consensus statement: Evaluation, management, and special considerations of cardio-oncology patients in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (endorsed by the cardiological society of India, and sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia intervencionista). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016; 87(5): E202-23.
13. Giza DE, Marmagkiolis K, Mouhayar E. et al. Management of CAD in Patients with Active Cancer: the Interventional Cardiologists’ Perspective. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017; 19(6): 56-66.
14. Banasiak W, Zymliński R, Undas A. Optimal management of cancer patients with acute coronary syndrome. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2018; 128(4): 244-53.
15. Mohanty BD, Mohanty S, Hussain Y et al. Management of ischemic coronary disease in patients receiving chemotherapy: anuncharted clinical challenge. Future Cardiol. 2017; 13(3): 247-57.
16. Krone RJ. Managing coronary artery disease in the cancer patient. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010; 53(2): 149-56.
17. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Martin CG et al. Incidence, cost, and outcomes of bleeding and chemotherapy dose modification among solid tumor patients with chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19(4): 1137-46.
18. Iliescu C, Durand JB, Kroll M. Cardiovascular interventions in thrombocytopenic cancer patients. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011; 38(3): 259-60.
19. Gross CM, Posch MG, Geier C et al. Subacute coronary stent thrombosis in cancer patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(12): 1232-3.
20. Mauri L, Yeh RW, Kereiakes DJ. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(14): 1373-4.
21. Iliescu CA, Cilingiroglu M, Giza DE et al. “Bringing on the light” in a complex clinical scenario: Optical coherence tomography-guided discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in cancer patients with coronary artery disease (PROTECT-OCT registry). Am Heart J. 2017; 194: 83-91.
22. Khakoo AY, Yeh ET. Therapy insight: management of cardiovascular disease in patients with cancer and cardiac complications of cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008; 5: 655-67.
23. Hong RA, Limura T, Sumida KN et al. Cardio-oncology/Onco-kardiology. Clin Cardiol. 2010; 33: 733-7.
24. Feher A, Kampaktsis PN, Parameswaran R et al. Aspirin Is Associated with Improved Survival in Severely Thrombocytopenic Cancer Patients withAcute Myocardial Infarction. Oncologist. 2017; 22(2): 213-21.
25. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A et al. PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(11): 1045-57.
26. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al.; TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(20): 2001-15.
27. Serebruany VL. Aggressive chronic platelet inhibition with prasugrel and increased cancer risks: revising oral antiplatelet regimens? Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 23: 411-7.
28. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD et al.; ATLAS ACS 2–TIMI 51 Investigators. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(1): 9-19.
29. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(5): 496-520.
30. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR et al. Effects of Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7): 494-502.
31. Iannaccone M, D’Ascenzo F, Vadalà P et al. Prevalence and outcome of patients with cancer and acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a BleeMACS substudy. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017; 7: 631-8.
32. Iannaccone M, D’Ascenzo F, De Filippo O et al. Optimal medical therapy in patients with malignancy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome: a BleeMACS SubStudy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017; 17: 61-71.
33. Gong IY, Yan AT, Ko DT et al. Temporal changes in treatments and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction among cancer survivors and patients without cancer, 1995 to 2013. Cancer. 2018; 124: 1269-78.
34. Tornio A, Pasanen MK, Laitila J et al. Comparison of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2C8. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005; 97: 104-8.
35. Pitt B. Effect of aldosterone blockade in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: implications of the RALES and EPHESUS studies. Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 217: 53-8.
36. Ono R, Falcão LM. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy systematic review: Pathophysiologic process, clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 209: 196-205.
37. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22): 2032-46.
38. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part II): Diagnostic Workup, Outcome, and Management. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22): 2047-62.
39. Prasad A, Dangas G, Srinivasan M et al. Incidence and angiographic characteristics of patients with apical ballooning syndrome (takotsubo/stress cardiomyopathy) in the HORIZONS-AMI trial: an analysis from a multicenter, international study of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 83: 343-8.
40. Bybee KA, Prasad A, Barsness GW et al. Clinical characteristics and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94: 343-6.
41. Redfors B, Vedad R, Angeras O et al. Mortality in takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction – a report from the SWEDEHEART registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015; 185: 282-9.
42. Girardey M, Jesel L, Campia U et al. Impact of Malignancies in the Early and Late Time Course of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016; 80(10): 2192-8.
43. Burgdorf C, Kurowski V, Radke PW. Long-term prognosis of transient left ventricular ballooning syndrome and cancer. Heart Lung. 2011; 40: 472.
44. Burgdorf C, Kurowski V, Bonnemeier H et al. Long-term prognosis of the transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy): Focus on malignancies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008; 10: 1015-9.
45. Behr ER, Mahida S. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and the long-QT syndrome: an insult to repolarization reserve. Europace. 2009; 11: 697-700.
46. Madias JE. Transient attenuation of the amplitude of the QRS complexes in the diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2014; 3: 28-36.
47. El-Sayed AM, Brinjikji W, Salka S. Demographic and comorbid predictors of stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2012; 110(9): 1368-72.
48. Sattler K, El-Battrawy I, Lang S et al. Prevalence of cancer in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: short and long-term outcome. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 238: 159-65.
49. Giza DE, Lopez-Mattei J, Vejpongsa P et al. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy in cancer patients. Am J Cardiol. 2017; 120(12): 2284-8.
50. Vejpongsa P, Banchs J, Reyes M et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in cancer patients: triggers, recovery, and resumption of therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65(10S): A927.
51. Franco TH, Khan A, Joshi V et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in two men receiving bevacizumab for metastatic cancer. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008; 4(6): 1367-70.
52. N umico G, Sicuro M, Silvestris N et al. Takotsubo syndrome in a patient treated with sunitinib for renal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(24): e218-e20.
53. Baumann S, Huseynov A, Goranova D et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after systemic consolidation therapy with high-dose intravenous cytarabine in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Res Treat. 2014; 37(9): 487-90.
54. Ovadia D, Esquenazi Y, Bucay M et al. Association between takotsubo cardiomyopathy and axitinib: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(1): e1-e3.
55. Polk A, Vistisen K, Vaage-Nilsen M et al. A systematic review of the pathophysiology of 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014; 15: 47.
56. Stewart T, Pavlakis N, Ward M. Cardiotoxicity with 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine: more than just vasospastic angina. Intern Med J. 2010; 40(4): 303-7.
57. Grunwald MR, Howie L, Diaz LA et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and Fluorouracil: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(2): e11-e4.
58. Smith SA, Auseon AJ. Chemotherapy-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Clin. 2013; 9(2): 233-42.
59. Kobayashi N, Hata N, Yokoyama S et al. A case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy during 5-fluorouracil treatment for rectal adenocarcinoma. J Nippon Med Sch. 2009; 76(1): 27-33.
60. Sen F, Yildiz I, Basaran M et al. Impaired coronary flow reserve in metastatic cancer patients treated with sunitinib. J BUON. 2013; 18(3): 775-81.
61. Redfors B, Vedad R, Angerås O et al. Mortality in Takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction – A report from the SWEDEHEART registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015; 185: 282-9.
62. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 929-38.
2. Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(3): 267-315.
3. Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K et al. DANAMI-2 Investigators. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(8): 733-42.
4. Potts JE, Iliescu CA, Lopez Mattei JC et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention in cancer patients: a report on the prevalence and outcomes in the United States. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40: 1790-800.
5. Guddati AK, Joy PS, Kumar G. Analysis of outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in metastatic cancer patients with acute coronary syndrome over a 10-year period. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016; 142: 471-9.
6. Yusuf SW, Daraban N, Abbasi N et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in the cancer population. Clin Cardiol. 2012; 35(7): 443-50.
7. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A et al. [2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization]. Kardiol Pol. 2018; 76(12): 1585-1664.
8. Giza DE, Boccalandro F, Lopez-Mattei J et al. Ischemic Heart Disease: Special Considerationsn Cardio-Oncology. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017(5): 3-13.
9. Yadav PK, Bagur R, Baquero GA et al. Safety and Feasibility of Transradial Catheterization in Breast Cancer Survivors: A 2-Center International Experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015; 8(4): 639-41.
10. Rao SV, Kedev S. Approaching the post-femoral era for coronary angiography and intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2015; 8: 524-6.
11. Lozano I, Batalla A, Rondan J et al. Radial Artery in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Possible Choice but Always With Caution. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015; 8(9): 1275-6.
12. Iliescu CA, Grines CL, Herrmann J et al. SCAI Expert consensus statement: Evaluation, management, and special considerations of cardio-oncology patients in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (endorsed by the cardiological society of India, and sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia intervencionista). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2016; 87(5): E202-23.
13. Giza DE, Marmagkiolis K, Mouhayar E. et al. Management of CAD in Patients with Active Cancer: the Interventional Cardiologists’ Perspective. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017; 19(6): 56-66.
14. Banasiak W, Zymliński R, Undas A. Optimal management of cancer patients with acute coronary syndrome. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2018; 128(4): 244-53.
15. Mohanty BD, Mohanty S, Hussain Y et al. Management of ischemic coronary disease in patients receiving chemotherapy: anuncharted clinical challenge. Future Cardiol. 2017; 13(3): 247-57.
16. Krone RJ. Managing coronary artery disease in the cancer patient. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010; 53(2): 149-56.
17. Elting LS, Rubenstein EB, Martin CG et al. Incidence, cost, and outcomes of bleeding and chemotherapy dose modification among solid tumor patients with chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19(4): 1137-46.
18. Iliescu C, Durand JB, Kroll M. Cardiovascular interventions in thrombocytopenic cancer patients. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011; 38(3): 259-60.
19. Gross CM, Posch MG, Geier C et al. Subacute coronary stent thrombosis in cancer patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(12): 1232-3.
20. Mauri L, Yeh RW, Kereiakes DJ. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(14): 1373-4.
21. Iliescu CA, Cilingiroglu M, Giza DE et al. “Bringing on the light” in a complex clinical scenario: Optical coherence tomography-guided discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in cancer patients with coronary artery disease (PROTECT-OCT registry). Am Heart J. 2017; 194: 83-91.
22. Khakoo AY, Yeh ET. Therapy insight: management of cardiovascular disease in patients with cancer and cardiac complications of cancer therapy. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008; 5: 655-67.
23. Hong RA, Limura T, Sumida KN et al. Cardio-oncology/Onco-kardiology. Clin Cardiol. 2010; 33: 733-7.
24. Feher A, Kampaktsis PN, Parameswaran R et al. Aspirin Is Associated with Improved Survival in Severely Thrombocytopenic Cancer Patients withAcute Myocardial Infarction. Oncologist. 2017; 22(2): 213-21.
25. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A et al. PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(11): 1045-57.
26. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al.; TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(20): 2001-15.
27. Serebruany VL. Aggressive chronic platelet inhibition with prasugrel and increased cancer risks: revising oral antiplatelet regimens? Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 23: 411-7.
28. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD et al.; ATLAS ACS 2–TIMI 51 Investigators. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(1): 9-19.
29. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(5): 496-520.
30. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR et al. Effects of Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(7): 494-502.
31. Iannaccone M, D’Ascenzo F, Vadalà P et al. Prevalence and outcome of patients with cancer and acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a BleeMACS substudy. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2017; 7: 631-8.
32. Iannaccone M, D’Ascenzo F, De Filippo O et al. Optimal medical therapy in patients with malignancy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome: a BleeMACS SubStudy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017; 17: 61-71.
33. Gong IY, Yan AT, Ko DT et al. Temporal changes in treatments and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction among cancer survivors and patients without cancer, 1995 to 2013. Cancer. 2018; 124: 1269-78.
34. Tornio A, Pasanen MK, Laitila J et al. Comparison of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2C8. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005; 97: 104-8.
35. Pitt B. Effect of aldosterone blockade in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: implications of the RALES and EPHESUS studies. Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 217: 53-8.
36. Ono R, Falcão LM. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy systematic review: Pathophysiologic process, clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2016; 209: 196-205.
37. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part I): Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Criteria, and Pathophysiology. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22): 2032-46.
38. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A et al. International Expert Consensus Document on Takotsubo Syndrome (Part II): Diagnostic Workup, Outcome, and Management. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39(22): 2047-62.
39. Prasad A, Dangas G, Srinivasan M et al. Incidence and angiographic characteristics of patients with apical ballooning syndrome (takotsubo/stress cardiomyopathy) in the HORIZONS-AMI trial: an analysis from a multicenter, international study of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2014; 83: 343-8.
40. Bybee KA, Prasad A, Barsness GW et al. Clinical characteristics and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94: 343-6.
41. Redfors B, Vedad R, Angeras O et al. Mortality in takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction – a report from the SWEDEHEART registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015; 185: 282-9.
42. Girardey M, Jesel L, Campia U et al. Impact of Malignancies in the Early and Late Time Course of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016; 80(10): 2192-8.
43. Burgdorf C, Kurowski V, Radke PW. Long-term prognosis of transient left ventricular ballooning syndrome and cancer. Heart Lung. 2011; 40: 472.
44. Burgdorf C, Kurowski V, Bonnemeier H et al. Long-term prognosis of the transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy): Focus on malignancies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008; 10: 1015-9.
45. Behr ER, Mahida S. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and the long-QT syndrome: an insult to repolarization reserve. Europace. 2009; 11: 697-700.
46. Madias JE. Transient attenuation of the amplitude of the QRS complexes in the diagnosis of Takotsubo syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2014; 3: 28-36.
47. El-Sayed AM, Brinjikji W, Salka S. Demographic and comorbid predictors of stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2012; 110(9): 1368-72.
48. Sattler K, El-Battrawy I, Lang S et al. Prevalence of cancer in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: short and long-term outcome. Int J Cardiol. 2017; 238: 159-65.
49. Giza DE, Lopez-Mattei J, Vejpongsa P et al. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy in cancer patients. Am J Cardiol. 2017; 120(12): 2284-8.
50. Vejpongsa P, Banchs J, Reyes M et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in cancer patients: triggers, recovery, and resumption of therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65(10S): A927.
51. Franco TH, Khan A, Joshi V et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in two men receiving bevacizumab for metastatic cancer. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008; 4(6): 1367-70.
52. N umico G, Sicuro M, Silvestris N et al. Takotsubo syndrome in a patient treated with sunitinib for renal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(24): e218-e20.
53. Baumann S, Huseynov A, Goranova D et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after systemic consolidation therapy with high-dose intravenous cytarabine in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Res Treat. 2014; 37(9): 487-90.
54. Ovadia D, Esquenazi Y, Bucay M et al. Association between takotsubo cardiomyopathy and axitinib: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(1): e1-e3.
55. Polk A, Vistisen K, Vaage-Nilsen M et al. A systematic review of the pathophysiology of 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014; 15: 47.
56. Stewart T, Pavlakis N, Ward M. Cardiotoxicity with 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine: more than just vasospastic angina. Intern Med J. 2010; 40(4): 303-7.
57. Grunwald MR, Howie L, Diaz LA et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and Fluorouracil: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(2): e11-e4.
58. Smith SA, Auseon AJ. Chemotherapy-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Clin. 2013; 9(2): 233-42.
59. Kobayashi N, Hata N, Yokoyama S et al. A case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy during 5-fluorouracil treatment for rectal adenocarcinoma. J Nippon Med Sch. 2009; 76(1): 27-33.
60. Sen F, Yildiz I, Basaran M et al. Impaired coronary flow reserve in metastatic cancer patients treated with sunitinib. J BUON. 2013; 18(3): 775-81.
61. Redfors B, Vedad R, Angerås O et al. Mortality in Takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction – A report from the SWEDEHEART registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015; 185: 282-9.
62. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 929-38.