Pregabalina w leczeniu zaburzeń lękowych i bólu neuropatycznego Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
cze 30, 2017
Słowa kluczowe:
pregabalina, gabapentynoidy, lęk uogólniony, ból neuropatyczny
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Abstrakt
Pregabalina jest lekiem o nietypowym mechanizmie działania (ligand dodatkowej podjednostki α2δ zależnych od potencjału błonowego kanałów wapniowych), początkowo zarejestrowanym do leczenia padaczki. Liczne badania porejestracyjne pokazały, że lek ma duży potencjał działania w innych wskazaniach i może być cennym uzupełnieniem dostępnych opcji terapeutycznych, szczególnie w zespole lęku uogólnionego oraz bólu neuropatycznym (dotyczy to zwłaszcza neuropatii cukrzycowej, neuropatii po półpaścu oraz ośrodkowym bólu neuropatycznym). Innym ciekawym wskazaniem do stosowania pregabaliny jest fibromialgia. Pregabalina jest na ogół lekiem dobrze tolerowanym, a do jej najczęstszych działań niepożądanych należą: senność, astenia, zawroty głowy, obrzęk obwodowy oraz przyrost masy ciała. Lek praktycznie nie ulega metabolizmowi wątrobowemu i nie wiąże się z białkami osocza, co skutkuje minimalnym potencjałem interakcji farmakokinetycznych. Jest wydalany praktycznie w całości przez nerki, wymaga dostosowania dawkowania u chorych z niewydolnością nerek. Zarówno w zespole lęku uogólnionego, jak i w bólu neuropatycznym pregabalina może być skuteczna w monoterapii i w terapii łączonej (np. z SNRI).
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Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. License allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
Bibliografia
1. Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17(9): 1113-1123.
2. Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28(5): 403-439.
3. Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R et al. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2012; 16: 77-84.
4. Bansal D, Bhansali A, Hota D et al. Amitriptyline vs. pregabalin in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 1019-1026.
5. Boschen MJ. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2011; 56: 558-566.
6. Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Serati M. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxic 2017; 13: 351-359.
7. Choi YS, Shim JK, Song JW et al. Combination of pregabalin and dexamethasone for postoperative pain and functional outcome in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain 2013; 29(1): 9-14.
8. Chew ML, Plotka A, Alvey CW et al. Effect of the gastrointestinal prokinetic agent erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy individuals: a phase I, randomized crossover trial. Clin Drug Investig 2015; 35(5): 299-305.
9. Crofford LJ, Rowbotham MC, Mease PJ et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1264-1273.
10. Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60: 1274-1283.
11. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007; 132(3): 237-251.
12. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Kent J et al; International Association for the Study of Pain Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group. Interventional management of neuropathic pain: NeuPSIG recommendations. Pain 2013; 154(11): 2249-2261.
13. Edelsberg JS, Lord C, Oster G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, and tolerability data from randomized controlled trials of drugs used to treat postherpetic neuralgia. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45: 1483-1490.
14. Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR. Abuse and misuse of pregabalin and gabapentin. Drugs 2017; 77: 403-426.
15. Feltner DE, Crockatt JG, Dubovsky SJ et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, multicenter study of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23: 240-249.
16. Frampton JE, Foster RH. Pregabalin: in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. CNS Drugs 2006; 20: 685-693.
17. Frampton JE, Scott LJ. Pregabalin: in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Drugs 2004; 64: 2813-2820.
18. Freeman R, Durso-Decruz E, Emir B. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1448-1454.
19. Freynhagen R, Strojek K, Griesing T et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain evaluated in a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of flexibleand fixed-dose regimens. Pain 2005; 115: 254-263.
20. Gahr M, Schmid MM, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C. Pregabalin-associated elevation of clozapine serum levels. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012; 45(7): 297-299.
21. Generoso MB, Trevizol AP, Kasper S et al. Pregabalin for generalized anxiety disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 32: 49-55.
22. Guglielmo R, Martinetti G, Clerici M, Janiri L. Pregabalin for alcohol dependence: a critical review of the literature. Adv Ther 2012; 29: 947-957.
23. Hegarty DA, Shorten GD. A Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial of the Effects of Preoperative Pregabalin on Pain Intensity and Opioid Consumption following Lumbar Discectomy. Korean J Pain 2011; 24: 22-30.
24. Hidalgo RB, Tupler LA, Davidson JR. An effect-size analysis of pharmacologic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21: 864-872.
25. Houghton KT, Forrest A, Awad A et al. Biological rationale and potential clinical use of gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, insomnia and anxiety: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7(3): e013433.
26. Jokela R, Ahonen J, Tallgren M et al. A randomized controlled trial of perioperative administration of pregabalin for pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Pain 2008; 134: 106-112.
27. Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14 supl 1: S1.
28. Kasper S, Herman B, Nivoli G et al. Efficacy of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR in generalized anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 8-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 87-96.
29. Kawalec P, Cierniak A, Pilc A, Nowak G. Pregabalin for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Expert Opin Investing Drugs 2015; 24: 585-594.
30. Kim SY, Jeong JJ, Chung WY et al. Perioperative administration of pregabalin for pain after robot-assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 2776-2781.
31. Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Goyal GN et al. A comparative efficacy of amitriptyline, gabapentin, and pregabalin in neuropathic cancer pain: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2012; 29: 177-182.
32. Montgomery SA, Tobias K, Zomberg GL et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of pregabalin and venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 771-782.
33. Montgomery SA, Herman BK, Schweizer E, Mandel FS. The efficacy of pregabalin and benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder presenting with high levels of insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24(4): 214-222.
34. Moon DE, Lee DI, Lee SC et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin using a flexible, optimized dose schedule in Korean patients with peripheral neuropathic pain: a 10-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 2370-2385.
35. Obermann M, Yoon MS, Sensen K et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 2008; 28(2): 174-181.
36. Ogawa S, Satoh J, Arakawa A et al. Pregabalin treatment for peripheral neuropathic pain: a review of safety data from randomized controlled trials conducted in Japan and in the west. Drug Saf 2012; 35: 793-806.
37. Oulis P, Kouzoupis AV, Koulouris G et al. Acute pregabalin reversal of citalopram-induced sexual dysfunction in generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28(3): 362-363.
38. Pauer L, Atkinson G, Murphy TK et al. Long-term Maintenance of Response Across Multiple Fibromyalgia Symptom Domains in a Randomized Withdrawal Study of Pregabalin. Clin J Pain 2012; 28: 609-614.
39. Pizzolato R, Villani V, Prosperini L et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. J Headache Pain 2011; 12: 521-525.
40. Pohl RB, Feltner DE, Fieve RR, Pande AC. Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of BID versus TID dosing. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 151-158.
41. Quilici S, Chancellor J, Lothgren M et al. Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. BMC Neurol 2009; 9: 6.
42. Rickels K, Pollack MH, Feltner DE et al. Pregabalin for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 4-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregabalin and alprazolam. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1022-1030.
43. Ruiz MA, Álvarez E, Carrasco JL et al. Modeling the longitudinal latent effect of pregabalin on self-reported changes in sleep disturbances in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder managed in routine clinical practice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9: 4329-4340.
44. Sabatowski R, Gálvez R, Cherry DA et al. Pregabalin reduces pain and improves sleep and mood disturbances in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia: results of a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Pain 2004; 109: 26-35.
45. Saif MW, Syrigos K, Kaley K, Isufi I. Role of pregabalin in treatment of oxaliplatin-induced sensory neuropathy. Anticancer Res 2010; 30: 2927-2933.
46. Semel D, Murphy KT, Zlateva G et al. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. BMC Fam Pract 2010; 11: 85.
47. Seventer RV, Feister HA, Young JP et al. Efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily pregabalin for treating pain and related sleep interference in postherpetic neuralgia: a 13-week, randomized trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 375-384.
48. Stahl SM, Porreca F, Taylor CP et al. The diverse therapeutic actions of pregabalin: is a single mechanism responsible for several pharmacological activities? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34: 332-339.
49. Stein DJ, Baldwin DS, Baldinetti F, Mandel F. Efficacy of pregabalin in depressive symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a pooled analysis of 6 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18: 422030.
50. Straube S, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin in fibromyalgia: meta-analysis of efficacy and safety from company clinical trial reports. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49: 706-715.
51. Szczudlik A, Dobrogowski J, Wordliczek J et al. Rozpoznanie i leczenie bólu neuropatycznego: przegląd piśmiennictwa i zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Badania Bólu i Towarzystwa Neurologicznego. Ból 2014; 15: 8-18.
52. Taguchi T, Igarashi A, Parsons B et al. Effectiveness of pregabalin for the treatment of chronic low back pain with accompanying lower limb pain (neuropathic component): a non-interventional study in Japan. J Pain Res 2015; 15: 487-497.
53. Taylor CP, Angelotti T, Fauman E. Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: the calcium channel α2-δ (alpha2- delta) subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery. Epilepsy Res 2007; 73: 137-150.
54. Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2008; 70(18): 1630-1635.
55. Valente MM, Bortolotto V, Cuccurazzu B et al. α2δ ligands act as positive modulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and prevent depression-like behavior induced by chronic restraint stress. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82: 271-280.
56. Verma V, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: evidences and possible mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12: 44-56.
57. Vondracek P, Oslejskova H, Kepak T et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain in paediatric oncological patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009; 13: 332-336.
58. Wensel TM, Powe KW, Cates ME. Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46: 424-429.
59. Wojtera M, Sobów T. Stosowanie pregabaliny w leczeniu uogólnionych zaburzeń lękowych. Czy należy bać się wysokich dawek? Psychiatr Psychol Klin 2016; 16: 91-98.
2. Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28(5): 403-439.
3. Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R et al. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2012; 16: 77-84.
4. Bansal D, Bhansali A, Hota D et al. Amitriptyline vs. pregabalin in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 1019-1026.
5. Boschen MJ. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2011; 56: 558-566.
6. Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Serati M. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxic 2017; 13: 351-359.
7. Choi YS, Shim JK, Song JW et al. Combination of pregabalin and dexamethasone for postoperative pain and functional outcome in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain 2013; 29(1): 9-14.
8. Chew ML, Plotka A, Alvey CW et al. Effect of the gastrointestinal prokinetic agent erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of pregabalin controlled-release in healthy individuals: a phase I, randomized crossover trial. Clin Drug Investig 2015; 35(5): 299-305.
9. Crofford LJ, Rowbotham MC, Mease PJ et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1264-1273.
10. Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60: 1274-1283.
11. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Backonja M et al. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain 2007; 132(3): 237-251.
12. Dworkin RH, O’Connor AB, Kent J et al; International Association for the Study of Pain Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group. Interventional management of neuropathic pain: NeuPSIG recommendations. Pain 2013; 154(11): 2249-2261.
13. Edelsberg JS, Lord C, Oster G. Systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, and tolerability data from randomized controlled trials of drugs used to treat postherpetic neuralgia. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45: 1483-1490.
14. Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR. Abuse and misuse of pregabalin and gabapentin. Drugs 2017; 77: 403-426.
15. Feltner DE, Crockatt JG, Dubovsky SJ et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, multicenter study of pregabalin in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003; 23: 240-249.
16. Frampton JE, Foster RH. Pregabalin: in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. CNS Drugs 2006; 20: 685-693.
17. Frampton JE, Scott LJ. Pregabalin: in the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Drugs 2004; 64: 2813-2820.
18. Freeman R, Durso-Decruz E, Emir B. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: findings from seven randomized, controlled trials across a range of doses. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1448-1454.
19. Freynhagen R, Strojek K, Griesing T et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain evaluated in a 12-week, randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial of flexibleand fixed-dose regimens. Pain 2005; 115: 254-263.
20. Gahr M, Schmid MM, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C. Pregabalin-associated elevation of clozapine serum levels. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012; 45(7): 297-299.
21. Generoso MB, Trevizol AP, Kasper S et al. Pregabalin for generalized anxiety disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2017; 32: 49-55.
22. Guglielmo R, Martinetti G, Clerici M, Janiri L. Pregabalin for alcohol dependence: a critical review of the literature. Adv Ther 2012; 29: 947-957.
23. Hegarty DA, Shorten GD. A Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial of the Effects of Preoperative Pregabalin on Pain Intensity and Opioid Consumption following Lumbar Discectomy. Korean J Pain 2011; 24: 22-30.
24. Hidalgo RB, Tupler LA, Davidson JR. An effect-size analysis of pharmacologic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21: 864-872.
25. Houghton KT, Forrest A, Awad A et al. Biological rationale and potential clinical use of gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, insomnia and anxiety: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7(3): e013433.
26. Jokela R, Ahonen J, Tallgren M et al. A randomized controlled trial of perioperative administration of pregabalin for pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Pain 2008; 134: 106-112.
27. Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14 supl 1: S1.
28. Kasper S, Herman B, Nivoli G et al. Efficacy of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR in generalized anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 8-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 87-96.
29. Kawalec P, Cierniak A, Pilc A, Nowak G. Pregabalin for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Expert Opin Investing Drugs 2015; 24: 585-594.
30. Kim SY, Jeong JJ, Chung WY et al. Perioperative administration of pregabalin for pain after robot-assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 2776-2781.
31. Mishra S, Bhatnagar S, Goyal GN et al. A comparative efficacy of amitriptyline, gabapentin, and pregabalin in neuropathic cancer pain: a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2012; 29: 177-182.
32. Montgomery SA, Tobias K, Zomberg GL et al. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of pregabalin and venlafaxine. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 771-782.
33. Montgomery SA, Herman BK, Schweizer E, Mandel FS. The efficacy of pregabalin and benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder presenting with high levels of insomnia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24(4): 214-222.
34. Moon DE, Lee DI, Lee SC et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin using a flexible, optimized dose schedule in Korean patients with peripheral neuropathic pain: a 10-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Clin Ther 2010; 32: 2370-2385.
35. Obermann M, Yoon MS, Sensen K et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 2008; 28(2): 174-181.
36. Ogawa S, Satoh J, Arakawa A et al. Pregabalin treatment for peripheral neuropathic pain: a review of safety data from randomized controlled trials conducted in Japan and in the west. Drug Saf 2012; 35: 793-806.
37. Oulis P, Kouzoupis AV, Koulouris G et al. Acute pregabalin reversal of citalopram-induced sexual dysfunction in generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28(3): 362-363.
38. Pauer L, Atkinson G, Murphy TK et al. Long-term Maintenance of Response Across Multiple Fibromyalgia Symptom Domains in a Randomized Withdrawal Study of Pregabalin. Clin J Pain 2012; 28: 609-614.
39. Pizzolato R, Villani V, Prosperini L et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. J Headache Pain 2011; 12: 521-525.
40. Pohl RB, Feltner DE, Fieve RR, Pande AC. Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of BID versus TID dosing. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25: 151-158.
41. Quilici S, Chancellor J, Lothgren M et al. Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. BMC Neurol 2009; 9: 6.
42. Rickels K, Pollack MH, Feltner DE et al. Pregabalin for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 4-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregabalin and alprazolam. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1022-1030.
43. Ruiz MA, Álvarez E, Carrasco JL et al. Modeling the longitudinal latent effect of pregabalin on self-reported changes in sleep disturbances in outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder managed in routine clinical practice. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9: 4329-4340.
44. Sabatowski R, Gálvez R, Cherry DA et al. Pregabalin reduces pain and improves sleep and mood disturbances in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia: results of a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Pain 2004; 109: 26-35.
45. Saif MW, Syrigos K, Kaley K, Isufi I. Role of pregabalin in treatment of oxaliplatin-induced sensory neuropathy. Anticancer Res 2010; 30: 2927-2933.
46. Semel D, Murphy KT, Zlateva G et al. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of pregabalin in older patients with neuropathic pain: results from a pooled analysis of 11 clinical studies. BMC Fam Pract 2010; 11: 85.
47. Seventer RV, Feister HA, Young JP et al. Efficacy and tolerability of twice-daily pregabalin for treating pain and related sleep interference in postherpetic neuralgia: a 13-week, randomized trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 375-384.
48. Stahl SM, Porreca F, Taylor CP et al. The diverse therapeutic actions of pregabalin: is a single mechanism responsible for several pharmacological activities? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34: 332-339.
49. Stein DJ, Baldwin DS, Baldinetti F, Mandel F. Efficacy of pregabalin in depressive symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a pooled analysis of 6 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18: 422030.
50. Straube S, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Pregabalin in fibromyalgia: meta-analysis of efficacy and safety from company clinical trial reports. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49: 706-715.
51. Szczudlik A, Dobrogowski J, Wordliczek J et al. Rozpoznanie i leczenie bólu neuropatycznego: przegląd piśmiennictwa i zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Badania Bólu i Towarzystwa Neurologicznego. Ból 2014; 15: 8-18.
52. Taguchi T, Igarashi A, Parsons B et al. Effectiveness of pregabalin for the treatment of chronic low back pain with accompanying lower limb pain (neuropathic component): a non-interventional study in Japan. J Pain Res 2015; 15: 487-497.
53. Taylor CP, Angelotti T, Fauman E. Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: the calcium channel α2-δ (alpha2- delta) subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery. Epilepsy Res 2007; 73: 137-150.
54. Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN et al. Neuropathic pain: redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2008; 70(18): 1630-1635.
55. Valente MM, Bortolotto V, Cuccurazzu B et al. α2δ ligands act as positive modulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and prevent depression-like behavior induced by chronic restraint stress. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82: 271-280.
56. Verma V, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: evidences and possible mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12: 44-56.
57. Vondracek P, Oslejskova H, Kepak T et al. Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain in paediatric oncological patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009; 13: 332-336.
58. Wensel TM, Powe KW, Cates ME. Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46: 424-429.
59. Wojtera M, Sobów T. Stosowanie pregabaliny w leczeniu uogólnionych zaburzeń lękowych. Czy należy bać się wysokich dawek? Psychiatr Psychol Klin 2016; 16: 91-98.