Schizophrenia and working memory Review article
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 31, 2019
Keywords:
working memory, schizophrenia, cognitive functioning
Main Article Content
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits are the core feature of schizophrenic process. Among those deficits, working memory impairment is considered a fundamental impairment, opening the gate for the breakthrough of schizophrenia. Some brain regions, like prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, both critical for working memory performance, have demonstrated relationship with deficits in the illness.
Article Details
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. License allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
1. Palmer BW, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS. Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neuropsychology 1997; 11: 437-446.
2. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV et al. The paradox of normal neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109: 743-752.
3. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, Madison 1987, Connecticut. Tłumaczenie z: Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox oder die Groupe der Schizophrenen. W: Aschaffenburg G. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, część IV, tom I Deuticke, Leipzig 1911.
4. Hebb DO. Organization of behavior. Wiley, New York 1949.
5. Baddeley AD. The fractionation of working memory Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13468-13472.
6. Atkinson R, Shiffrin R. Human memory: a proposed system and its control process. W: Spence K, Spence J (red). The psychology in learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. Academic Press, New York 1968.
7. Shallice T, Warrington EK. Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: a neuropsychological study. Q J Exp Psychol 1970; 22: 261-273.
8. Baddeley AD, Hitch G. Working memory. W: Bower GA (red). The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Academic Press, New York 1974; 8: 47-89.
9. Perry W, Heaton RK, Potterat E et al. Working memory in schizophrenia: transient online storage versus executive functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001; 27: 157-176.
10. Baddeley AD, Bressi S, Della Sala S et al. The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal study. Brain 1991; 114: 2521-2542.
11. Paulesu E, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ. The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 1993; 362: 342-345.
12. Jonides J, Smith EE, Koeppe RA et al. Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature (London) 1993; 363: 623-625.
13. Vallar G, Shallice T. Neuropsychological Impairments of Short- Term Memory. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge 1990.
14. Farah MJ. Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology. Psychol Rev 1988; 95: 307-317.
15. Quinn J, McConnell J. Irrelevant pictures in visual working memory. Q J Exp Psychol 1996; 49A, 200-215.
16. Goldman-Rakic PS. Memory: Recording experience in cells and circuits: Diversity in memory research. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13435-13437.
17. Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: the relevance of working memory. W: Carroll B, Barrett JE (red). Psychopathology and the brain. Raven Press, New York 1991.
18. Newell A, Simon HA. Human Problem Solving. Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1972.
19. Christal RE. Comparative Validities of ASVAB and LAMP Tests for Logic Gate Learning. Armstrong Laboratory, Brookes 1991.
20. Kyllonen PC, Christal RE. Reasoning ability is little more than working memory capacity. Intelligence 1990; 14: 389-433.
21. Chen E, McKenna P. Memory dysfunction in schizohrenia. W: Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes TRE (red). A neuropschological perspective. Wiley, New York 1996.
22. Park S, Holzman PS. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 975-982.
23. Goldberg T, Torrrey E, Gold J et al. Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 71-85.
24. Braff DL, Heaton R, Kuck J et al. The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 891-898.
25. Dieci M, Vita A, Silenzi C et al. Non-selective impairment of Winconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with schizophrenia. Sch Res 1997; 25: 33-42.
26. Stratta P, Daneluzzo E, Prosperini P et al. Is Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance related to ‘working memory’ capacity? Schizophrenia Research 1997; 27: 11-19.
27. Krawiecka M, Goldberg D, Vaughan M. A standardized psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977; 55: 299-308.
28. Stratta P, Mancini F, Mattei P. Remediation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Psychopathology 1997; 30: 59-66.
29. Nieuwenstein MR, Aleman A, de Haan EH. Relationship between symptom dimensions and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of WCST and CPT studies. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Continuous Performance Test. J Psychiatr Res 2001; 35: 119-125.
30. Gold J, Carpenter C, Randolph C et al. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 159-165.
31. Braff DL. Information processing and attention dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizoprenia Bulletin 1993; 19: 233-259.
32. Pendleton MG, Heaton RK. A comparison of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Category Test. J Clin Psychol 1982; 38: 392-396.
33. Andreasen NC. The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Iowa City 1983, IA, The University of Iowa.
34. Andreasen NC. The scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City 1984, IA, The University of Iowa.
35. Roberts DL, Penn DL. Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: From Evidence to Treatment, Oxford University Press, 2013.
36. Liddle PF, Morris DL. Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 340-345.
37. Gur RE, Cowell PE, Latshaw A et al. Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 761-768.
38. Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE et al. Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 769-775.
39. Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Bilker WB et al. Reduced gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 905-911.
40. Damasio AR. Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1998; 26: 83-86.
41. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 295-307.
42. Manoach D, Halpern E, Kramer T et al. Test-retest reliability of functional MRI working memory paradigm in normal and schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 955-958.
43. Andreasen NC, Paradiso S, O'Leary DS. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry? Schizophr Bull 1998; 24(2): 203-218.
44. Pantelis C, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE i in. Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain 1997; 120: 1823-1843.
2. Kremen WS, Seidman LJ, Faraone SV et al. The paradox of normal neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109: 743-752.
3. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, Madison 1987, Connecticut. Tłumaczenie z: Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox oder die Groupe der Schizophrenen. W: Aschaffenburg G. Handbuch der Psychiatrie, część IV, tom I Deuticke, Leipzig 1911.
4. Hebb DO. Organization of behavior. Wiley, New York 1949.
5. Baddeley AD. The fractionation of working memory Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13468-13472.
6. Atkinson R, Shiffrin R. Human memory: a proposed system and its control process. W: Spence K, Spence J (red). The psychology in learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. Academic Press, New York 1968.
7. Shallice T, Warrington EK. Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: a neuropsychological study. Q J Exp Psychol 1970; 22: 261-273.
8. Baddeley AD, Hitch G. Working memory. W: Bower GA (red). The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Academic Press, New York 1974; 8: 47-89.
9. Perry W, Heaton RK, Potterat E et al. Working memory in schizophrenia: transient online storage versus executive functioning. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2001; 27: 157-176.
10. Baddeley AD, Bressi S, Della Sala S et al. The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal study. Brain 1991; 114: 2521-2542.
11. Paulesu E, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ. The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 1993; 362: 342-345.
12. Jonides J, Smith EE, Koeppe RA et al. Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature (London) 1993; 363: 623-625.
13. Vallar G, Shallice T. Neuropsychological Impairments of Short- Term Memory. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge 1990.
14. Farah MJ. Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology. Psychol Rev 1988; 95: 307-317.
15. Quinn J, McConnell J. Irrelevant pictures in visual working memory. Q J Exp Psychol 1996; 49A, 200-215.
16. Goldman-Rakic PS. Memory: Recording experience in cells and circuits: Diversity in memory research. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13435-13437.
17. Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: the relevance of working memory. W: Carroll B, Barrett JE (red). Psychopathology and the brain. Raven Press, New York 1991.
18. Newell A, Simon HA. Human Problem Solving. Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1972.
19. Christal RE. Comparative Validities of ASVAB and LAMP Tests for Logic Gate Learning. Armstrong Laboratory, Brookes 1991.
20. Kyllonen PC, Christal RE. Reasoning ability is little more than working memory capacity. Intelligence 1990; 14: 389-433.
21. Chen E, McKenna P. Memory dysfunction in schizohrenia. W: Pantelis C, Nelson HE, Barnes TRE (red). A neuropschological perspective. Wiley, New York 1996.
22. Park S, Holzman PS. Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 975-982.
23. Goldberg T, Torrrey E, Gold J et al. Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 71-85.
24. Braff DL, Heaton R, Kuck J et al. The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 891-898.
25. Dieci M, Vita A, Silenzi C et al. Non-selective impairment of Winconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with schizophrenia. Sch Res 1997; 25: 33-42.
26. Stratta P, Daneluzzo E, Prosperini P et al. Is Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance related to ‘working memory’ capacity? Schizophrenia Research 1997; 27: 11-19.
27. Krawiecka M, Goldberg D, Vaughan M. A standardized psychiatric assessment scale for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977; 55: 299-308.
28. Stratta P, Mancini F, Mattei P. Remediation of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Psychopathology 1997; 30: 59-66.
29. Nieuwenstein MR, Aleman A, de Haan EH. Relationship between symptom dimensions and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of WCST and CPT studies. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Continuous Performance Test. J Psychiatr Res 2001; 35: 119-125.
30. Gold J, Carpenter C, Randolph C et al. Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 159-165.
31. Braff DL. Information processing and attention dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizoprenia Bulletin 1993; 19: 233-259.
32. Pendleton MG, Heaton RK. A comparison of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Category Test. J Clin Psychol 1982; 38: 392-396.
33. Andreasen NC. The scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS). Iowa City 1983, IA, The University of Iowa.
34. Andreasen NC. The scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City 1984, IA, The University of Iowa.
35. Roberts DL, Penn DL. Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: From Evidence to Treatment, Oxford University Press, 2013.
36. Liddle PF, Morris DL. Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 340-345.
37. Gur RE, Cowell PE, Latshaw A et al. Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 761-768.
38. Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE et al. Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 769-775.
39. Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Bilker WB et al. Reduced gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 905-911.
40. Damasio AR. Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1998; 26: 83-86.
41. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio AR. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2000; 10: 295-307.
42. Manoach D, Halpern E, Kramer T et al. Test-retest reliability of functional MRI working memory paradigm in normal and schizophrenic subjects. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 955-958.
43. Andreasen NC, Paradiso S, O'Leary DS. "Cognitive dysmetria" as an integrative theory of schizophrenia: a dysfunction in cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry? Schizophr Bull 1998; 24(2): 203-218.
44. Pantelis C, Barnes TRE, Nelson HE i in. Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain 1997; 120: 1823-1843.