Zdrowie kobiety ze stwardnieniem rozsianym Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
gru 31, 2023
Słowa kluczowe:
stwardnienie rozsiane, ciąża, laktacja, menopauza, hormonalna terapia zastępcza
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Abstrakt
Stwardnienie rozsiane jest często diagnozowane u kobiet w wieku reprodukcyjnym, które planują ciążę. Mimo iż sama choroba nie oddziałuje negatywnie na płodność czy ciążę, leki modyfikujące przebieg choroby mogą mieć na nie negatywny wpływ. Znajomość profilu bezpieczeństwa leków stosowanych w czasie ciąży i laktacji jest ważna. Stosowanie hormonów żeńskich w doustnej antykoncepcji hormonalnej czy doustnej terapii zastępczej w okresie menopauzy wydaje się bezpieczne.
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Numer
Dział
Artykuły
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Bibliografia
1. Salpietro V, Polizzi A, Recca G et al. The role of puberty and adolescence in the pathobiology of pediatric multiple sclerosis. Multiple Scler Demyelinating Disorders. 2018; 3: 1-10.
2. Rommer PS, Ellenberger D, Hellwig K et al. Relapsing and progressive MS: the sex-specific perspective. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020; 13: 1756286420956495.
3. Ribbons KA, McElduff P, Boz C et al. Male sex is independently associated with faster disability accumulation in relapse onset MS but not in primary progressive MS. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(6): e0122686.
4. Houtchens M, Edwards N, Schneider G et al. Pregnancy rates and outcomes in women with and without MS in the United States. Neurology. 2018; 91(17): 1559-69.
5. Kopp TI, Pinborg A, Glazer CH et al. Women with female infertility seeking medically assisted reproduction are not at increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Hum Reprod. 2022; 37: 1324-33.
6. Bove R, Rankin K, Lin C et al. Effect of assisted reproductive technology on multiple sclerosis relapses: case series and meta-analysis. Mult Scler. 2019; 26: 1410-9.
7. Mainguy M, Tillaut H, Degremont A et al. Assessing the risk of relapse requiring corticosteroids after in vitro fertilization in women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2022; published online Aug 11. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201027.
8. Graham EL, Bakkensen JB, Anderson A et al. Inflammatory Activity After Diverse Fertility Treatments: A Multicenter Analysis in the Modern Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Era. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2023; 10(3): e200106. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200106.
9. Bove R, Rankin K, Chua A et al. Oral contraceptives and MS disease activity in a contemporary real-world cohort. Mult Scler. 2018; 24: 227-30.
10. Pozzilli C, De Giglio L, Barletta VT et al. Oral contraceptives combined with interferon β in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015; 2(4): e120. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000120.
11. Zhu B, Nestorov I, Zhao G et al. Evaluation of potential drug-drug interaction between delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and a commonly used oral contraceptive (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol) in healthy women. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017; 6: 604-13.
12. Confavreux Ch, Hutchinson H, Hours M et al. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339(5): 285-91.
13. Yeh WZ, Widyastuti PA, Van der Walt A et al. Natalizumab, fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate use and pregnancy-related relapse and disability in women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2021; 96: e2989-3002.
14. Dobson R, Jokubaitis VG, Giovannoni G. Change in pregnancy associated multiple sclerosis relapse rates over time: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020; 44: 102241.
15. Uher T, Kubala Havrdova E, Vodehnalova K et al. Pregnancy-induced brain magnetic resonance imaging changes in women with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2022; 29: 1446-56.
16. Rościszewska-Żukowska I, Podyma M, Stasiołek M et al. Thalamus Atrophy in the Peri-Pregnancy Period in Clinically Stable Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Preliminary Results. Brain Sci. 2021; 11: 1270. http://doi.org/10.3390/ brainsci11101270.
17. Vokusic S, Hutchinson M, Hours M et al. Pregnancy in multiples sclerosis group. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): clinical predictors of post-partum relapse. Brain. 2004; 127: 1353-60.
18. Hughes S, Spelman T, Gray O et al. Predictors and dynamics of postpartum relapses in women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014; 20(6): 739-46.
19. Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Hakiki B et al. Postpartum relapses increase the risk of disability progression in multiple sclerosis: the role of disease modifying drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85(8): 845-50.
20. Fragoso Y, Adoni T, Vasconcelos C. Practical evidence-based recommendations for patients with multiple sclerosis who want to have children. Neurol Ther. 2018; 7(2): 207-32.
21. Lu E, Zhao Y, Zhu F et al. Birth hospitalization in mothers with multiple sclerosis and their newborns. Neurology. 2013; 80(5): 447-52.
22. Lopez-Leon S, Geissbühler Y, Sabidó M et al. A systematic review and meta-analyses of pregnancy and fetal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: a contribution from the IMI2 ConcePTION project. J Neurol. 2020; 267: 2721-31.
23. Harazim H, Štourač P, Janků P et al. Obstetric anesthesia/analgesia does not affect disease course in multiple sclerosis: 10-year retrospective cohort study. Brain Behav. 2018; 8: e01082.
24. Andersen JB, Kopp TI, Sellebjerg F et al. Pregnancy-related and perinatal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: a nationwide Danish cross-sectional study. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021; 11: 280-90.
25. Klink DT, van Elburg RM, Schreurs MWJ et al. Rituximab administration in third trimester of pregnancy suppresses neonatal B-cell development. Clin Dev Immunol. 2008; 2008: 271363. http://doi.org/10.1155/2008/271363.
26. Kümpfel T, Thiel S, Meinl I et al. Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders: a cohort study from Germany. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 8: e913.
27. Smith JB, Hellwig K, Fink K et al. Rituximab, MS, and pregnancy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 7(4). http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000734.
28. Krysko KM, Dobson R, Alroughani R et al. Family planning considerations in people with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2022; 22: 350-66.
29. Geissbühler Y, Vile J, Koren G et al. Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis after fingolimod exposure. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018; 11: 1756286418804760. http://doi.org/10.1177/1756286418804760.
30. Langer-Gould A, Smith JB, Albers KB et al. Pregnancy-related relapses and breastfeeding in a contemporary multiple sclerosis cohort. Neurology. 2020; 94: e1939-49.
31. Hellwig K, Haghikia A, Rockhoff M et al. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: experience from a nationwide database in Germany. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012; 5(5): 247-53.
32. Portaccio E, Moiola L, Martinelli V et al. Pregnancy decision-making in women with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: II: Maternal risks. Neurology. 2018; 90(10): e832-e839. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005068. Erratum in: Neurology. 2020; 94(11): 504.
33. Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Hakiki B et al.; MS Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society. Breastfeeding is not related to postpartum relapses in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2011; 77(2): 145-50.
34. Krysko KM, Rutatangwa A, Graves J et al. Association between breastfeeding and postpartum multiple sclerosis relapses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2020; 77: 327-38. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4173.
35. Hellwig K, Rockhoff M, Herbstritt S et al. Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Effect on Postpartum Multiple Sclerosis Relapses. JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72(10): 1132-8. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1806.
36. Rowe H, Baker T, Hale TW. Maternal medication, drug use, and breastfeeding Child. Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2015; 24: 1-20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.09.005.
37. Hale TW, Siddiqui AA, Baker TE. Transfer of interferon beta-1a into human breastmilk. Breastfeed Med. 2012; 7(2): 123-5.
38. Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, Stahl A et al. Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or glatiramer acetate: One-year infant outcomes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 7(4): e757. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000757.
39. Ciplea AI, Kurzeja A, Thiel S et al. Eighteen-month safety analysis of offspring breastfed by mothers receiving glatiramer acetate therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis – COBRA study. Mult Scler. 2022; 28(10): 1641-50. http://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221083982.
40. Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients. 2011; 3(4): 442-74. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu3040442.
41. Proschmann U, Haase R, Inojosa H et al. Drug and neurofilament levels in serum and breastmilk of women with multiple sclerosis exposed to natalizumab during pregnancy and lactation. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 715195. http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.715195.
42. Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, de Vries A et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and/or lactation in women with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 23; 7(4): e723. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000723.
43. Bridge F, Butzkueven H, Van der Walt A et al. The impact of menopause on multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2023; 22(8): 103363.
44. Bove R, Chitnis T. The role of gender and sex hormones in determining the onset and outcome of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014; 20(5): 520-6. http://doi.org/10.1177/1352458513519181.
45. Bove R, Vaughan T, Chitnis T et al. Women’s experiences of menopause in an online MS cohort: A case series. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016; 9: 56-9.
46. Bove R, Healy BC, Musallam A et al. Exploration of changes in disability after menopause in a longitudinal multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult Scler. 2016; 22(7): 935-43. http://doi.org/10.1177/1352458515606211.
47. Baroncini D, Annovazzi PO, De Rossi N et al. Impact of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis: a multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019; 90(11): 1201-6. http://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320587.
48. Campisi J, Robert L. Cell senescence: role in aging and age-related diseases. Aging. 2014; 39: 45-61.
49. Gameiro CM, Romão F, Castelo-Branco C. Menopause and aging: changes in the immune system – a review. Maturitas. 2010; 67(4): 316-20.
50. Lorefice L, Frau J, Coghe G et al. Assessing the burden of vascular risk factors on brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control MRI study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019; 27: 74-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.011.
51. Christianson MS, Mensah VA, Shen W. Multiple sclerosis at menopause: Potential neuroprotective effects of estrogen. Maturitas. 2015; 80(2): 133-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.11.013.
52. Meyer CE, Smith AW, Padilla-Requerey AA et al. A. Neuroprotection in Cerebral Cortex Induced by the Pregnancy Hormone Estriol. Lab Invest. 2023; 103(8): 100189. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100189.
53. Bove R, White CC, Fitzgerald KC et al. Hormone therapy use and physical quality of life in postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016; 87(14): 1457-63. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003176.
54. Davis SR, Baber RJ. Treating menopause – MHT and beyond. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022; 18(8): 490-502. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4.
55. Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013; 310(13): 1353-68. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278040.
56. Bove R, Secor E, Chibnik LB et al. Age at surgical menopause influences cognitive decline and Alzheimer pathology in older women. Neurology. 2014; 82(3): 222-9. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000033.
57. Vural P, Akgul C, Canbaz M. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on plasma pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and some bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Pharmacol Res. 2006; 54(4): 298-302. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2006.06.006.
2. Rommer PS, Ellenberger D, Hellwig K et al. Relapsing and progressive MS: the sex-specific perspective. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2020; 13: 1756286420956495.
3. Ribbons KA, McElduff P, Boz C et al. Male sex is independently associated with faster disability accumulation in relapse onset MS but not in primary progressive MS. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(6): e0122686.
4. Houtchens M, Edwards N, Schneider G et al. Pregnancy rates and outcomes in women with and without MS in the United States. Neurology. 2018; 91(17): 1559-69.
5. Kopp TI, Pinborg A, Glazer CH et al. Women with female infertility seeking medically assisted reproduction are not at increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Hum Reprod. 2022; 37: 1324-33.
6. Bove R, Rankin K, Lin C et al. Effect of assisted reproductive technology on multiple sclerosis relapses: case series and meta-analysis. Mult Scler. 2019; 26: 1410-9.
7. Mainguy M, Tillaut H, Degremont A et al. Assessing the risk of relapse requiring corticosteroids after in vitro fertilization in women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2022; published online Aug 11. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201027.
8. Graham EL, Bakkensen JB, Anderson A et al. Inflammatory Activity After Diverse Fertility Treatments: A Multicenter Analysis in the Modern Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Era. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2023; 10(3): e200106. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000200106.
9. Bove R, Rankin K, Chua A et al. Oral contraceptives and MS disease activity in a contemporary real-world cohort. Mult Scler. 2018; 24: 227-30.
10. Pozzilli C, De Giglio L, Barletta VT et al. Oral contraceptives combined with interferon β in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015; 2(4): e120. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000120.
11. Zhu B, Nestorov I, Zhao G et al. Evaluation of potential drug-drug interaction between delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and a commonly used oral contraceptive (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol) in healthy women. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017; 6: 604-13.
12. Confavreux Ch, Hutchinson H, Hours M et al. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339(5): 285-91.
13. Yeh WZ, Widyastuti PA, Van der Walt A et al. Natalizumab, fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate use and pregnancy-related relapse and disability in women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2021; 96: e2989-3002.
14. Dobson R, Jokubaitis VG, Giovannoni G. Change in pregnancy associated multiple sclerosis relapse rates over time: a meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020; 44: 102241.
15. Uher T, Kubala Havrdova E, Vodehnalova K et al. Pregnancy-induced brain magnetic resonance imaging changes in women with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2022; 29: 1446-56.
16. Rościszewska-Żukowska I, Podyma M, Stasiołek M et al. Thalamus Atrophy in the Peri-Pregnancy Period in Clinically Stable Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Preliminary Results. Brain Sci. 2021; 11: 1270. http://doi.org/10.3390/ brainsci11101270.
17. Vokusic S, Hutchinson M, Hours M et al. Pregnancy in multiples sclerosis group. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): clinical predictors of post-partum relapse. Brain. 2004; 127: 1353-60.
18. Hughes S, Spelman T, Gray O et al. Predictors and dynamics of postpartum relapses in women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014; 20(6): 739-46.
19. Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Hakiki B et al. Postpartum relapses increase the risk of disability progression in multiple sclerosis: the role of disease modifying drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; 85(8): 845-50.
20. Fragoso Y, Adoni T, Vasconcelos C. Practical evidence-based recommendations for patients with multiple sclerosis who want to have children. Neurol Ther. 2018; 7(2): 207-32.
21. Lu E, Zhao Y, Zhu F et al. Birth hospitalization in mothers with multiple sclerosis and their newborns. Neurology. 2013; 80(5): 447-52.
22. Lopez-Leon S, Geissbühler Y, Sabidó M et al. A systematic review and meta-analyses of pregnancy and fetal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: a contribution from the IMI2 ConcePTION project. J Neurol. 2020; 267: 2721-31.
23. Harazim H, Štourač P, Janků P et al. Obstetric anesthesia/analgesia does not affect disease course in multiple sclerosis: 10-year retrospective cohort study. Brain Behav. 2018; 8: e01082.
24. Andersen JB, Kopp TI, Sellebjerg F et al. Pregnancy-related and perinatal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: a nationwide Danish cross-sectional study. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021; 11: 280-90.
25. Klink DT, van Elburg RM, Schreurs MWJ et al. Rituximab administration in third trimester of pregnancy suppresses neonatal B-cell development. Clin Dev Immunol. 2008; 2008: 271363. http://doi.org/10.1155/2008/271363.
26. Kümpfel T, Thiel S, Meinl I et al. Anti-CD20 therapies and pregnancy in neuroimmunologic disorders: a cohort study from Germany. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 8: e913.
27. Smith JB, Hellwig K, Fink K et al. Rituximab, MS, and pregnancy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 7(4). http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000734.
28. Krysko KM, Dobson R, Alroughani R et al. Family planning considerations in people with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2022; 22: 350-66.
29. Geissbühler Y, Vile J, Koren G et al. Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis after fingolimod exposure. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018; 11: 1756286418804760. http://doi.org/10.1177/1756286418804760.
30. Langer-Gould A, Smith JB, Albers KB et al. Pregnancy-related relapses and breastfeeding in a contemporary multiple sclerosis cohort. Neurology. 2020; 94: e1939-49.
31. Hellwig K, Haghikia A, Rockhoff M et al. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: experience from a nationwide database in Germany. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2012; 5(5): 247-53.
32. Portaccio E, Moiola L, Martinelli V et al. Pregnancy decision-making in women with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab: II: Maternal risks. Neurology. 2018; 90(10): e832-e839. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005068. Erratum in: Neurology. 2020; 94(11): 504.
33. Portaccio E, Ghezzi A, Hakiki B et al.; MS Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society. Breastfeeding is not related to postpartum relapses in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2011; 77(2): 145-50.
34. Krysko KM, Rutatangwa A, Graves J et al. Association between breastfeeding and postpartum multiple sclerosis relapses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2020; 77: 327-38. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4173.
35. Hellwig K, Rockhoff M, Herbstritt S et al. Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Effect on Postpartum Multiple Sclerosis Relapses. JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72(10): 1132-8. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1806.
36. Rowe H, Baker T, Hale TW. Maternal medication, drug use, and breastfeeding Child. Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2015; 24: 1-20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.09.005.
37. Hale TW, Siddiqui AA, Baker TE. Transfer of interferon beta-1a into human breastmilk. Breastfeed Med. 2012; 7(2): 123-5.
38. Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, Stahl A et al. Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or glatiramer acetate: One-year infant outcomes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 7(4): e757. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000757.
39. Ciplea AI, Kurzeja A, Thiel S et al. Eighteen-month safety analysis of offspring breastfed by mothers receiving glatiramer acetate therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis – COBRA study. Mult Scler. 2022; 28(10): 1641-50. http://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221083982.
40. Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients. 2011; 3(4): 442-74. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu3040442.
41. Proschmann U, Haase R, Inojosa H et al. Drug and neurofilament levels in serum and breastmilk of women with multiple sclerosis exposed to natalizumab during pregnancy and lactation. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 715195. http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.715195.
42. Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, de Vries A et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and/or lactation in women with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020; 23; 7(4): e723. http://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000723.
43. Bridge F, Butzkueven H, Van der Walt A et al. The impact of menopause on multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev. 2023; 22(8): 103363.
44. Bove R, Chitnis T. The role of gender and sex hormones in determining the onset and outcome of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2014; 20(5): 520-6. http://doi.org/10.1177/1352458513519181.
45. Bove R, Vaughan T, Chitnis T et al. Women’s experiences of menopause in an online MS cohort: A case series. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016; 9: 56-9.
46. Bove R, Healy BC, Musallam A et al. Exploration of changes in disability after menopause in a longitudinal multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult Scler. 2016; 22(7): 935-43. http://doi.org/10.1177/1352458515606211.
47. Baroncini D, Annovazzi PO, De Rossi N et al. Impact of natural menopause on multiple sclerosis: a multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019; 90(11): 1201-6. http://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-320587.
48. Campisi J, Robert L. Cell senescence: role in aging and age-related diseases. Aging. 2014; 39: 45-61.
49. Gameiro CM, Romão F, Castelo-Branco C. Menopause and aging: changes in the immune system – a review. Maturitas. 2010; 67(4): 316-20.
50. Lorefice L, Frau J, Coghe G et al. Assessing the burden of vascular risk factors on brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control MRI study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019; 27: 74-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.011.
51. Christianson MS, Mensah VA, Shen W. Multiple sclerosis at menopause: Potential neuroprotective effects of estrogen. Maturitas. 2015; 80(2): 133-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.11.013.
52. Meyer CE, Smith AW, Padilla-Requerey AA et al. A. Neuroprotection in Cerebral Cortex Induced by the Pregnancy Hormone Estriol. Lab Invest. 2023; 103(8): 100189. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100189.
53. Bove R, White CC, Fitzgerald KC et al. Hormone therapy use and physical quality of life in postmenopausal women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016; 87(14): 1457-63. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003176.
54. Davis SR, Baber RJ. Treating menopause – MHT and beyond. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022; 18(8): 490-502. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4.
55. Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2013; 310(13): 1353-68. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278040.
56. Bove R, Secor E, Chibnik LB et al. Age at surgical menopause influences cognitive decline and Alzheimer pathology in older women. Neurology. 2014; 82(3): 222-9. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000033.
57. Vural P, Akgul C, Canbaz M. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on plasma pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and some bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Pharmacol Res. 2006; 54(4): 298-302. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2006.06.006.