Przewlekła mózgowo-rdzeniowa niewydolność żylna a stwardnienie rozsiane Artykuł przeglądowy
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wrz 30, 2013
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przewlekła mózgowo-rdzeniowa niewydolność żylna, CCSVI, stwardnienie rozsiane
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Abstrakt
Przewlekła mózgowo-rdzeniowa niewydolność żylna (CCSVI, chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency) wzbudza wiele kontrowersji dotyczących jej roli w patogenezie stwardnienia rozsianego (SM). Wiedza o CCSVI rozprzestrzeniła się w środowisku chorych na SM, a metoda leczenia nazwana przez jej autora Liberation (uwolnienie) wywołała wielkie nadzieje. Autor przedstawia dane z prac sugerujących istotny związek przyczynowo-skutkowy między CCSVI a SM oraz uwagi wielu autorów kwestionujące istnienie takiego związku, jak również stanowisko FDA oraz konsultanta krajowego w dziedzinie neurologii.
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Bibliografia
1. Charcot J.: Histology of multiple sclerosis. Gaz. Hopit. Civils Milit. 1868; 41: 554-566.
2. Putnam T.: The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, a possible vascular factor. N. Engl. J. Med. 1933; 209: 786-790.
3. Putnam T., Adler A.: Vascular architecture of the lesions of multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 1937; 38: 1-15.
4. Fog T.: The topography of plaques in multiple sclerosis with special reference to cerebral plaques. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 1965; 15: 1-161.
5. Zamboni P., Galeotti R., Menegatti E. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2009; 80(4): 392-399.
6. Zamboni P., Galeotti R., Menegatti E. et al.: A prospective open-label study of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J. Vasc. Surg. 2009; 50(6): 1348-1358.
7. Gisolf J., van Lieshout J.J., van Heusden K. et al.: Human cerebral venous outflow pathway depends on posture and central venous pressure. J. Physiol. 2004; 560: 317-27.
8. Dolic K., Weinstock-Guttman B., Marr K.: Risk factors for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in a large cohort of volunteers. 2011; 6(11): e28062.
9. Zamboni P.: The big idea: iron-dependent inflammation in venous disease and proposed parallels in multiple sclerosis. J. R. Soc. Med. 2006; 99(11): 589-93.
10. Khan O., Filippi M., Freedman M.S. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2010; 67(3): 286-90.
11. Kurtzke J.F.: A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1975; 51(2): 137-157.
12. Rosati G.: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update. Neurol. Sci. 2001; 22(2): 117-139.
13. Worthington V., Killestein J., Eikelenboom M.J. et al.: Normal CSF ferritin levels in MS suggest against etiologic role of chronic venous insufficiency. Neurology 2010; 2; 75(18): 1617-22.
14. van Rensburg S.J., van Toorn R. et al.: The controversy of CCSVI and iron in multiple sclerosis: is ferritin the key? Neurology 2010; 75(18): 1581-2.
15. Hill A.B.: The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965; 58: 295-300.
16. Bagert B., Marder E., Stüve O.: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency and Multiple Sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 2011; 68(11): 1379-1384.
17. Singh A.V., Zamboni P.: Anomalous venous blood flow and iron deposition in multiple sclerosis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2009; 29(12): 1867-1878.
18. Zivadinov R., Schirda C., Dwyer M.G. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and iron deposition on susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot case-control study. Int. Angiol. 2010; 29(2): 158-175.
19. Haacke E.M., Garbern J., Miao Y. et al.: Iron stores and cerebral veins in MS studied by susceptibility weighted imaging. Int. Angiol. 2010; 29(2): 149-157.
20. Confavreux C., Hutchinson M., Hours M.M. et al.: Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 339(5): 285-291.
21. Bernardi S., Grasso M.G., Bertollini R. et al.: The influence of pregnancy on relapses in multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1991; 84(5): 403-406.
22. Handel A.E., Williamson A.J., Disanto G. et al.: An updated meta-analysis of risk of multiple sclerosis following infectious mononucleosis. PLoS One 2010; 5(9): e12496.
23. Munger K.L., Zhang S.M., O’Reilly E. et al.: Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004; 62(1): 60-65.
24. Levin L.I., Munger K.L., Rubertone M.V. et al.: Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus. JAMA 2003; 289(12): 1533-1536 [retracted in JAMA 2005; 293(20): 2466].
25. Qiu J.: Venous abnormalities and multiple sclerosis: another breakthrough claim? Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(5): 464-465.
26. Zamboni P., Menegatti E., Galeotti R. et al.: The value of cerebral Doppler venous haemodynamics in the assessment of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol Sci. 2009; 282 (1-2): 21-27.
27. Zivadinov R., Marr K., Ramanathan M. et al.: Combined transcranial and extracranial venous Doppler evaluation (CTEVD study): description of the design and interim results of an epidemiological study of the prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS and related diseases. Poster presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; April 15, 2010; Toronto, ON.
28. Doepp F., Paul F., Valdueza J.M. et al.: No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2010; 68(2): 173-183.
29. Sundström P., Wĺhlin A., Ambarki K. et al.: Venous and cerebrospinal fluid flow in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Ann. Neurol. 2010; 68(2): 255-259.
30. Wattjes M.P., van Oosten B.W., de Graaf W.L. et al.: No association of abnormal cranial venous drainage with multiple sclerosis: a magnetic resonance venography and flow-quantification study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2011; 82(4): 429-435.
31. Centonze D., Floris R., Stefanini M. et al.: Proposed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency criteria do not predict multiple sclerosis risk or severity. Ann. Neurol. 2011, 70(1): 51-58.
32. Tan I.L., van Schijndel R.A., Pouwels P.J. et al.: MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2000; 21(6): 1039-42.
33. Grabner G., Dal-Bianco A., Schernthaner M. et al.: Analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions using a fusion of 3.0 T FLAIR and 7.0 T SWI phase: FLAIR SWI. J. Magn. Reson Imaging 2011; 33(3): 543-9.
34. Tallantyre E.C., Morgan P.S., Dixon J.E. et al.: 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla MRI of multiple sclerosis cortical lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 32(4): 971-7.
35. Hammond K.E., Metcalf M., Carvajal L. et al.: Quantitative in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis at 7 Tesla with sensitivity to iron. Ann. Neurol. 2008; 64(6): 707-13.
36. Haacke E.M., Mittal S., Wu Z. et al.: Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2009; 30(1): 19-30.
37. Ge Y., Zohrabian V.M., Osa E.O. et al.: Diminished visibility of cerebral venous vasculature in multiple sclerosis by susceptibility-weighted imaging at 3.0 Tesla. J. Magn. Reson Imaging. 2009 ; 29(5): 1190-4.
38. Zivadinov R., Poloni G., Schirda C. et al.: Presence and severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is related to lower brain parenchyma venous vasculature visibility on susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis 2010; 16 (supl. 10): O82, S24.
39. Adhya S., Johnson G., Herbert J. et al.: Pattern of hemodynamic impairment in multiple sclerosis: dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging at 3.0 T. Neuroimage 2006; 33(4): 1029-35.
40. Coen M., Menegatti E., Salvi F.: Altered collagen expression in jugular veins in multiple sclerosis. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2013; 22(1): 33-38.
41. Chopard R.P., Miranda Neto M.H., Biazotto W. et al.: Age-related changes in the human renal veins and their valves. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 1994; 99(2): 91-101.
42. Lanzillo R., Mancini M., Liuzzi R. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a highly prevalent age-dependent phenomenon BMC Neurology 2013; 13: 20.
43. Simka M., Ludyga T., Kazibudzki M et al.: Multiple sclerosis, an unlikely cause of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: retrospective analysis of catheter venography. J.R. Soc. Med. Sh. Rep. 2012; 3(8): 6.
44. Aksungar F.B., Topkaya A.E., Yildiz Z. et al.: Coagulation status and biochemical and inflammatory markers in multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2008; 15(4): 393-397.
45. Vandenberghe N., Debouverie M., Anxionnat R. et al.: Cerebral venous thrombosis in four patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 2003; 10(1): 63-66.
46. Zamboni P., Menegatti E., Weinstock-Guttman B. et al.: The severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis is related to altered cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Funct. Neurol. 2009; 24(3): 133-8.
47. Zivadinov R., Marr K., Cutter G. et al.: Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS. Neurology 2011; 77(2): 138-44.
48. Weinstock-Guttman B., Cutter G., Hojnacki D. et al.: Clinical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2010; 16 (Suppl.10): P653, S224.
49. Zivadinov R., Cutter G., Marr K. et al.: MRI results of blinded chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency study in patients with multiple sclerosis, healthy controls and patients with other neurologic diseases. Multiple Sclerosis 2010; 16 (sup. 10): P318, S399.
50. Weinstock-Guttman B., Zivadinov R., Cutter R. et al.: Chronic Cerebrospinal Vascular Insufficiency Is Not Associated with HLA DRB1*1501 Status in Multiple Sclerosis Patients 2011. PLoS One 6(2), e16802.
51. Fox R.: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: have we found the cause of cure of MS? Neurology 2011; 77: 1-4.
52. Benedict R.H., Weinstock-Guttmam B., Marr K.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 167.
53. FDA Safety Communication: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Date Issued: May 10, 2012.
54. Comi G., Battaglia M.A., Bertolotto A. et al.: Italian multicentre observational study of the prevalence of CCSVI in multiple sclerosis (CoSMo study): rationale, design, and methodology. Neurol. Sci. 2013; 34(8): 1297-307.
55. Leone M.A., Raymkulova O., Naldi P. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not associated with multiple sclerosis and its severity: a blind-verified study. PLoS One 2013; 8(2): e56031.
56. Mayer C.A., Pfeilschifter W., Lorenz M.W. et al.: The perfect crime? CCSVI not leaving a trace in MS. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2011; 82(4): 436-40.
57. Barreto A.D., Brod S.A., Bui T.T. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: Case-control neurosonography results. Ann. Neurol. 2013; 73(6): 721-8.
58. Blinkenberg M., Akeson P., Sillesen H. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and venous stenoses in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2012; 126(6): 421-7.
59. McAuliffe W., Kermode A.G. et al.: Mystery of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: Identical Venographic and Ultrasound Findings in Patients with MS and Controls. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2013; 34(7): 1370-4.
60. Amato M.P., Saia V., Hakiki B.: No association between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2012; 18(12): 1791-6.
61. Ghezzi A., Annovazzi P., Cocco E.: Endovascular treatment of CCSVI in patients with multiple sclerosis: clinical outcome of 462 cases. Neurol. Sci. 2013 [online].
62. Ghezzi A., Annovazzi P., Amato M.P. et al.: Adverse events after endovascular treatment of chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2013; 19(7): 961-3.
63. Kostecki J., Zaniewski M., Ziaja K. et al.: An endovascular treatment of Chronic Cerebro-Spinal Venous Insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients – 6 month follow-up results. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 2011; 32(4): 557-62.
64. Zagaglia S., Balestrini S., Perticaroli E. et al.: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: dichotomy between subjective and objective outcome scores [online].
2. Putnam T.: The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, a possible vascular factor. N. Engl. J. Med. 1933; 209: 786-790.
3. Putnam T., Adler A.: Vascular architecture of the lesions of multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 1937; 38: 1-15.
4. Fog T.: The topography of plaques in multiple sclerosis with special reference to cerebral plaques. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 1965; 15: 1-161.
5. Zamboni P., Galeotti R., Menegatti E. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2009; 80(4): 392-399.
6. Zamboni P., Galeotti R., Menegatti E. et al.: A prospective open-label study of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J. Vasc. Surg. 2009; 50(6): 1348-1358.
7. Gisolf J., van Lieshout J.J., van Heusden K. et al.: Human cerebral venous outflow pathway depends on posture and central venous pressure. J. Physiol. 2004; 560: 317-27.
8. Dolic K., Weinstock-Guttman B., Marr K.: Risk factors for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in a large cohort of volunteers. 2011; 6(11): e28062.
9. Zamboni P.: The big idea: iron-dependent inflammation in venous disease and proposed parallels in multiple sclerosis. J. R. Soc. Med. 2006; 99(11): 589-93.
10. Khan O., Filippi M., Freedman M.S. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2010; 67(3): 286-90.
11. Kurtzke J.F.: A reassessment of the distribution of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1975; 51(2): 137-157.
12. Rosati G.: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the world: an update. Neurol. Sci. 2001; 22(2): 117-139.
13. Worthington V., Killestein J., Eikelenboom M.J. et al.: Normal CSF ferritin levels in MS suggest against etiologic role of chronic venous insufficiency. Neurology 2010; 2; 75(18): 1617-22.
14. van Rensburg S.J., van Toorn R. et al.: The controversy of CCSVI and iron in multiple sclerosis: is ferritin the key? Neurology 2010; 75(18): 1581-2.
15. Hill A.B.: The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965; 58: 295-300.
16. Bagert B., Marder E., Stüve O.: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency and Multiple Sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 2011; 68(11): 1379-1384.
17. Singh A.V., Zamboni P.: Anomalous venous blood flow and iron deposition in multiple sclerosis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2009; 29(12): 1867-1878.
18. Zivadinov R., Schirda C., Dwyer M.G. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and iron deposition on susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot case-control study. Int. Angiol. 2010; 29(2): 158-175.
19. Haacke E.M., Garbern J., Miao Y. et al.: Iron stores and cerebral veins in MS studied by susceptibility weighted imaging. Int. Angiol. 2010; 29(2): 149-157.
20. Confavreux C., Hutchinson M., Hours M.M. et al.: Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 339(5): 285-291.
21. Bernardi S., Grasso M.G., Bertollini R. et al.: The influence of pregnancy on relapses in multiple sclerosis: a cohort study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1991; 84(5): 403-406.
22. Handel A.E., Williamson A.J., Disanto G. et al.: An updated meta-analysis of risk of multiple sclerosis following infectious mononucleosis. PLoS One 2010; 5(9): e12496.
23. Munger K.L., Zhang S.M., O’Reilly E. et al.: Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004; 62(1): 60-65.
24. Levin L.I., Munger K.L., Rubertone M.V. et al.: Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus. JAMA 2003; 289(12): 1533-1536 [retracted in JAMA 2005; 293(20): 2466].
25. Qiu J.: Venous abnormalities and multiple sclerosis: another breakthrough claim? Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(5): 464-465.
26. Zamboni P., Menegatti E., Galeotti R. et al.: The value of cerebral Doppler venous haemodynamics in the assessment of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol Sci. 2009; 282 (1-2): 21-27.
27. Zivadinov R., Marr K., Ramanathan M. et al.: Combined transcranial and extracranial venous Doppler evaluation (CTEVD study): description of the design and interim results of an epidemiological study of the prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS and related diseases. Poster presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; April 15, 2010; Toronto, ON.
28. Doepp F., Paul F., Valdueza J.M. et al.: No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2010; 68(2): 173-183.
29. Sundström P., Wĺhlin A., Ambarki K. et al.: Venous and cerebrospinal fluid flow in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Ann. Neurol. 2010; 68(2): 255-259.
30. Wattjes M.P., van Oosten B.W., de Graaf W.L. et al.: No association of abnormal cranial venous drainage with multiple sclerosis: a magnetic resonance venography and flow-quantification study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2011; 82(4): 429-435.
31. Centonze D., Floris R., Stefanini M. et al.: Proposed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency criteria do not predict multiple sclerosis risk or severity. Ann. Neurol. 2011, 70(1): 51-58.
32. Tan I.L., van Schijndel R.A., Pouwels P.J. et al.: MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2000; 21(6): 1039-42.
33. Grabner G., Dal-Bianco A., Schernthaner M. et al.: Analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions using a fusion of 3.0 T FLAIR and 7.0 T SWI phase: FLAIR SWI. J. Magn. Reson Imaging 2011; 33(3): 543-9.
34. Tallantyre E.C., Morgan P.S., Dixon J.E. et al.: 3 Tesla and 7 Tesla MRI of multiple sclerosis cortical lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 32(4): 971-7.
35. Hammond K.E., Metcalf M., Carvajal L. et al.: Quantitative in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis at 7 Tesla with sensitivity to iron. Ann. Neurol. 2008; 64(6): 707-13.
36. Haacke E.M., Mittal S., Wu Z. et al.: Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2009; 30(1): 19-30.
37. Ge Y., Zohrabian V.M., Osa E.O. et al.: Diminished visibility of cerebral venous vasculature in multiple sclerosis by susceptibility-weighted imaging at 3.0 Tesla. J. Magn. Reson Imaging. 2009 ; 29(5): 1190-4.
38. Zivadinov R., Poloni G., Schirda C. et al.: Presence and severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is related to lower brain parenchyma venous vasculature visibility on susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis 2010; 16 (supl. 10): O82, S24.
39. Adhya S., Johnson G., Herbert J. et al.: Pattern of hemodynamic impairment in multiple sclerosis: dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MR imaging at 3.0 T. Neuroimage 2006; 33(4): 1029-35.
40. Coen M., Menegatti E., Salvi F.: Altered collagen expression in jugular veins in multiple sclerosis. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2013; 22(1): 33-38.
41. Chopard R.P., Miranda Neto M.H., Biazotto W. et al.: Age-related changes in the human renal veins and their valves. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 1994; 99(2): 91-101.
42. Lanzillo R., Mancini M., Liuzzi R. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a highly prevalent age-dependent phenomenon BMC Neurology 2013; 13: 20.
43. Simka M., Ludyga T., Kazibudzki M et al.: Multiple sclerosis, an unlikely cause of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: retrospective analysis of catheter venography. J.R. Soc. Med. Sh. Rep. 2012; 3(8): 6.
44. Aksungar F.B., Topkaya A.E., Yildiz Z. et al.: Coagulation status and biochemical and inflammatory markers in multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2008; 15(4): 393-397.
45. Vandenberghe N., Debouverie M., Anxionnat R. et al.: Cerebral venous thrombosis in four patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 2003; 10(1): 63-66.
46. Zamboni P., Menegatti E., Weinstock-Guttman B. et al.: The severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis is related to altered cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Funct. Neurol. 2009; 24(3): 133-8.
47. Zivadinov R., Marr K., Cutter G. et al.: Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS. Neurology 2011; 77(2): 138-44.
48. Weinstock-Guttman B., Cutter G., Hojnacki D. et al.: Clinical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2010; 16 (Suppl.10): P653, S224.
49. Zivadinov R., Cutter G., Marr K. et al.: MRI results of blinded chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency study in patients with multiple sclerosis, healthy controls and patients with other neurologic diseases. Multiple Sclerosis 2010; 16 (sup. 10): P318, S399.
50. Weinstock-Guttman B., Zivadinov R., Cutter R. et al.: Chronic Cerebrospinal Vascular Insufficiency Is Not Associated with HLA DRB1*1501 Status in Multiple Sclerosis Patients 2011. PLoS One 6(2), e16802.
51. Fox R.: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: have we found the cause of cure of MS? Neurology 2011; 77: 1-4.
52. Benedict R.H., Weinstock-Guttmam B., Marr K.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not associated with cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. BMC Med. 2013; 11: 167.
53. FDA Safety Communication: Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Date Issued: May 10, 2012.
54. Comi G., Battaglia M.A., Bertolotto A. et al.: Italian multicentre observational study of the prevalence of CCSVI in multiple sclerosis (CoSMo study): rationale, design, and methodology. Neurol. Sci. 2013; 34(8): 1297-307.
55. Leone M.A., Raymkulova O., Naldi P. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not associated with multiple sclerosis and its severity: a blind-verified study. PLoS One 2013; 8(2): e56031.
56. Mayer C.A., Pfeilschifter W., Lorenz M.W. et al.: The perfect crime? CCSVI not leaving a trace in MS. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2011; 82(4): 436-40.
57. Barreto A.D., Brod S.A., Bui T.T. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: Case-control neurosonography results. Ann. Neurol. 2013; 73(6): 721-8.
58. Blinkenberg M., Akeson P., Sillesen H. et al.: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and venous stenoses in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2012; 126(6): 421-7.
59. McAuliffe W., Kermode A.G. et al.: Mystery of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency: Identical Venographic and Ultrasound Findings in Patients with MS and Controls. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2013; 34(7): 1370-4.
60. Amato M.P., Saia V., Hakiki B.: No association between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2012; 18(12): 1791-6.
61. Ghezzi A., Annovazzi P., Cocco E.: Endovascular treatment of CCSVI in patients with multiple sclerosis: clinical outcome of 462 cases. Neurol. Sci. 2013 [online].
62. Ghezzi A., Annovazzi P., Amato M.P. et al.: Adverse events after endovascular treatment of chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2013; 19(7): 961-3.
63. Kostecki J., Zaniewski M., Ziaja K. et al.: An endovascular treatment of Chronic Cerebro-Spinal Venous Insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients – 6 month follow-up results. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 2011; 32(4): 557-62.
64. Zagaglia S., Balestrini S., Perticaroli E. et al.: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: dichotomy between subjective and objective outcome scores [online].