Dlaczego by nie stosować częściej leków złożonych w terapii nadciśnienia tętniczego? Przestańmy źle leczyć naszych pacjentów! Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
cze 30, 2013
Słowa kluczowe:
leki złożone, ryzyko globalne, adherencja, bezpieczeństwo terapii
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Abstrakt
Pomimo dużej zapadalności na nadciśnienie tętnicze (30–70% populacji ogólnej) i prowadzonej od lat wśród lekarzy edukacji na temat diagnostyki i leczenia nadal mniej niż 50% chorych osiąga założone cele terapeutyczne. Coraz częściej zwraca się uwagę na sposób prowadzenia terapii, która ma nie tylko obniżyć ciśnienie, ale również wpływać na ryzyko globalne związane z chorobą. Monoterapia nie daje zadowalających efektów hipotensyjnych ani nie obniża skutecznie ryzyka globalnego, za to wraz ze zwiększaniem się dawek leków rośnie ryzyko powikłań. Kombinacja dwóch lub więcej leków w jednej tabletce zyskała już poparcie w danych opartych na dowodach naukowych, w szczególności zawdzięcza je synergistycznemu działaniu w obniżaniu ciśnienia tętniczego i zapobieganiu rozwojowi powikłań. Co więcej, taka terapia poprawia compliance. Zaobserwowano również zmniejszenie liczby działań niepożądanych, a nawet obniżenie ryzyka globalnego.
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Jak cytować
Rawdanowicz , J., & Kuch , M. (2013). Dlaczego by nie stosować częściej leków złożonych w terapii nadciśnienia tętniczego? Przestańmy źle leczyć naszych pacjentów!. Medycyna Faktów , 6(2(19), 35-44. Pobrano z https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/jebm/article/view/2412
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Artykuły
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Bibliografia
1. Zdrojewski T., Wyrzykowski B.: Ogólnopolskie badanie rozpowszechnienia i kontroli czynników ryzyka chorób serca w Polsce – NATPOL.
2. Rywik S., Broda G., Zdrojewski T.: Epidemiologa nadciśnienia tętniczego. W: Januszewicz A. Nadciśnienie tętnicze. Medycyna Praktyczna, Kraków 2007: 485-498.
3. Yoon S.S., Ostchega Y., Louis T.: Recent Trends in the Prevalence of High Blood Pressure and its Treatment and Control, 1999-2008. NCHS Data Brief 2010; 48.
4. Basile J., Neutel J.: Overcoming clinical inertia to achieve blood pressure goals: the role of fixed-dose combination therapy. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010; 4(2): 119-127.
5. Mengden T., Uen S., Bramlage P.: Management of hypertension with fixed dose combinations of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide: patient perspectives and clinical utility. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2009; 5: 1043-1058.
6. Flack J.M., Nasser S.A.: Benefits of once-daily therapies in the treatment of hypertension. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2011; 7: 777-787.
7. Volpe M.: 2008 White paper for implementing strategies and interventions for cardiovascular prevention in Italy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc. Prev. 2008; 15(2): 63-73.
8. Okonofua E.C., Simpson K.N., Jesri A., Rehman S.U., Durkalski V.L., Egan B.M.: Therapeutic inertia is an impediment to achieving the Healthy People 2010 blood pressure control goals. Hypertension 2006; 47(3): 345-351.
9. Hosie J., Wiklund I.: Managing hypertension in general practice: can we do better? J. Hum. Hypertens. 1995; 9(supl. 2): S15-18.
10. Gaciong Z.: Gotowe połączenia leków w leczeniu nadciśnienia tętniczego. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze 2008; 12: 216-223.
11. Januszewicz A., Prejbisz A.: Nadciśnienie tętnicze pierwotne. W: Kardiologia. Podręcznik oparty na zasadach EBM. Tom II. Szczeklik A., Tendera M. (red.). Medycyna Praktyczna 2010: 758-774.
12. Lewington S., Clarke R., Qizilbash N., Peto R., Collins R.; Prospective Studies Collaboration: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360(9349): 1903-1913.
13. Sever P.S., Messerli F.H.: Hypertension management 2011: optimal combination therapy. Eur. Heart J. 2011; 32(20): 2499-2506.
14. Dolan E., Stanton A., Thijs L., Hinedi K., Atkins N., McClory S., Den Hond E., McCormack P., Staessen J.A., O’Brien E.: Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension 2005; 46(1): 156-161.
15. Arguedas J.A., Perez M.I., Wright J.M.: Treatment blood pressure targets for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 3.
16. Verdecchia P., Reboldi G., Angeli F. et al.: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension 2005; 46: 386-392.
17. Tocci G., Volpe M.: Fixed-combination therapy to improve blood pressure control: experience with olmesartan-based therapy. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2011; 9(7): 829-840.
18. Musini V.M., Tejani A.M., Bassett K., Wright J.M.: Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 4.
19. Zannad F.: Review Practical relevance of the 24-hour trough: peak ratio of antihypertensive drugs. J. Hypertens. (supl.) 1995; 13(2): S109-112.\
20. White W.B.: Importance of blood pressure control over a 24-hour period. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 2007; 13(8 supl. B): S34-39.
21. de la Sierra A., Redon J., Banegas J.R., Segura J., Parati G., Gorostidi M., de la Cruz J.J., Sobrino J., Llisterri J.L., Alonso J., Vinyoles E., Pallarés V., Sarría A., Aranda P., Ruilope L.M.: Prevalence and factors associated with circadian blood pressure patterns in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2009; 53(3): 466-472.
22. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements 2013; 3: 1.
23. Wright J.M., Musini V.M.: First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 3.
24. Chen N., Zhou M., Yang M. et al.: Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; 8.
25. Turnbull F.: Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527-1535.
26. Turnbull F., Neal B., Pfeffer M. et al.: Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J. Hypertens. 2007; 25: 951-958.
27. van Vark L.C., Bertrand M., Akkerhuis K.M. et al.: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibitors involving 158,998 patients. Eur. Heart J. 2012; 33: 2088-2097.
28. Al Khalaf M.M., Thalib L., Doi S.A.: Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients without heart failure treated with ARBs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2009; 9(1): 29-43.
29. Strauss M.H., Hall A.S.: Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction: unraveling the ARB-MI paradox. Circulation 2006; 114: 838-854.
30. Ferrari R.: RAAS inhibition and mortality in hypertension: from pharmacology to clinical evidence. Kardiol. Pol. 2013; 71(1): 1-7.
31. Mallat S.G.: What is a preferred angiotensin II receptor blocker-based combination therapy for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with diabetic and non-diabetic renal impairment? Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2012; 11: 32.
32. Marshall T.: How many antihypertensives do patients need to achieve a target blood pressure? J. Hum. Hypertens. 2005; 19: 317-319.
33. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., Cushman W.C., Green L.A., Izzo J.L. Jr, Jones D.W., Materson B.J., Oparil S., Wright J.T. Jr, Roccella E.J.: Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42(6): 1206-1252.
34. Flack J.M., Sica D.A., Bakris G., Brown A.L., Ferdinand K.C., Grimm R.H. Jr, Hall W.D., Jones W.E., Kountz D.S., Lea J.P., Nasser S., Nesbitt S.D., Saunders E., Scisney-Matlock M., Jamerson K.A.; International Society on Hypertension in Blacks: Management of high blood pressure in Blacks: an update of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks consensus statement. Hypertension 2010; 56(5): 780-800.
35. Meka N., Katragadda S., Cherian B., Arora R.R.: Combination therapy in hypertension: A focus on angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers. Am. J. Ther. 2010; 17(1): 61-67.
36. Struijker-Boudier H. et al.: Antihypertensive combination treatment and new European Guidelines Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2007; 61: 1592-1602.
37. Suárez C.: Single-pill telmisartan and amlodipine: a rational combination for the treatment of hypertension. Drugs 2011; 71(17): 2295-2305.
38. Wald N.J., Law M.R.: A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003; 28(326): 1419.
39. Al-Ansary L.A., Tricco A.C., Adi Y., Bawazeer G., Perrier L., Al-Ghonaim M., Alyousefi N., Tashkandi M., Straus S.E.: A systematic review of recent clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis, assessment and management of hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e53744.
40. Wald D.S., Law M., Morris J.K. et al.: Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am. J. Med. 2009; 122: 290-300.
41. Prospective Studies Collaboration: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903-1913.
42. Law M.R., Morris J.K., Wald N.J.: Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009; 338: b1665.
43. Gupta A.K., Arshad S., Poulter N.R.: Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2010; 55(2): 399-407.
44. Bangalore S., Kamalakkannan G., Parkar S., Franz H., Messerli F.H.: Fixed-Dose Combinations Improve Medication. Compliance: A Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Med. 2007; 120(8): 713-719.
45. Chrysant S.G.: Single-pill triple-combination therapy: an alternative to multiple-drug treatment of hypertension. Postgrad Med. 2011; 123(6): 21-31.
46. Zhenfeng Zheng, Huilan Shi, Junya Jia, Dong Li, Shan Lin: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aliskiren and angiotension receptor blockers in the management of essential hypertension. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2011; 12(2): 102-112.
47. Jugdutt B.I.: Clinical effectiveness of telmisartan alone or in combination therapy for controlling blood pressure and vascular risk in the elderly. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2010; 5: 403-416.
48. Bertrand M., Mourad J.J., Fox K. et al.: Effect of ACE Inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality in hypertension trials. Journal of Hypertension 2011; 29(e-Supplement A): e31.
49. Egan C.G., Pontremoli R.: Role of the fixed-dose combination lercanidipine-enalapril in renal protection. J. Nephrol. 2011; 24(4): 428-437.
50. Makani H., Bangalore S., Romero J., Wever-Pinzon O., Messerli F.H.: Effect of renin-angiotensin system blockade on calcium channel blocker-associated peripheral edema. Am. J. Med. 2011; 124(2): 128-135.
51. Páll D., Katona E., Juhász M., Paragh G.: Prevention of target organ damage with modern antihypertensive agents. Orv. Hetil. 2006; 147(32): 1505-1511.
52. Sood N., Reinhart K.M., Baker W.L.: Combination therapy for the management of hypertension: A review of the evidence. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2010; 67(11): 885-894.
53. Cappuccio F.P., Markandu N.D., Singer D.R., MacGregor G.A.: Amlodipine and lisinopril in combination for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy and predictors of response. J. Hypertens. 1993; 11(8): 839-847.
54. Gerbino P.P., Shoheiber O.: Adherence patterns among patients treated with fixed-dose combination versus separate antihypertensive agents. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2007; 64(12): 1279-1283.
55. Bangalore S., Ley L.: Improving treatment adherence to antihypertensive therapy: the role of single-pill combinations. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2012; 13(3): 345-355.
56. Guthrie R.M.: Review: a single-pill combination of telmisartan plus amlodipine for the treatment of hypertension. Postgrad Med. 2011; 123(6): 58-65.
57. Moen M.D.: Telmisartan/amlodipine: single-pill combination in hypertension. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2010; 10(6): 401-412.
58. Oparil S., Melino M., Lee J., Fernandez V., Heyrman R.: Triple therapy with olmesartan medoxomil, amlodipine besylate, and hydrochlorothiazide in adult patients with hypertension: The TRINITY multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 12-week, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2010; 32(7): 1252-1269.
59. Kreutz R.: Olmesartan/amlodipine: a review of its use in the management of hypertension. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2011; 7: 183-192.
60. Volpe M., Christian Rump L., Ammentorp B., Laeis P.: Efficacy and safety of triple antihypertensive therapy with the olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide combination. Clin. Drug. Investig. 2012; 32(10): 649-664.
61. de Leeuw P.W.: Combination perindopril/indapamide for the treatment of hypertension: a review. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2011; 12(11): 1827-1833.
62. Crawford P., Dy D., Carney M.: Clinical inquiries. Which combination drug therapies are most effective for hypertension? J. Fam. Pract. 2011; 60(11): 684-686.
2. Rywik S., Broda G., Zdrojewski T.: Epidemiologa nadciśnienia tętniczego. W: Januszewicz A. Nadciśnienie tętnicze. Medycyna Praktyczna, Kraków 2007: 485-498.
3. Yoon S.S., Ostchega Y., Louis T.: Recent Trends in the Prevalence of High Blood Pressure and its Treatment and Control, 1999-2008. NCHS Data Brief 2010; 48.
4. Basile J., Neutel J.: Overcoming clinical inertia to achieve blood pressure goals: the role of fixed-dose combination therapy. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010; 4(2): 119-127.
5. Mengden T., Uen S., Bramlage P.: Management of hypertension with fixed dose combinations of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide: patient perspectives and clinical utility. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2009; 5: 1043-1058.
6. Flack J.M., Nasser S.A.: Benefits of once-daily therapies in the treatment of hypertension. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2011; 7: 777-787.
7. Volpe M.: 2008 White paper for implementing strategies and interventions for cardiovascular prevention in Italy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc. Prev. 2008; 15(2): 63-73.
8. Okonofua E.C., Simpson K.N., Jesri A., Rehman S.U., Durkalski V.L., Egan B.M.: Therapeutic inertia is an impediment to achieving the Healthy People 2010 blood pressure control goals. Hypertension 2006; 47(3): 345-351.
9. Hosie J., Wiklund I.: Managing hypertension in general practice: can we do better? J. Hum. Hypertens. 1995; 9(supl. 2): S15-18.
10. Gaciong Z.: Gotowe połączenia leków w leczeniu nadciśnienia tętniczego. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze 2008; 12: 216-223.
11. Januszewicz A., Prejbisz A.: Nadciśnienie tętnicze pierwotne. W: Kardiologia. Podręcznik oparty na zasadach EBM. Tom II. Szczeklik A., Tendera M. (red.). Medycyna Praktyczna 2010: 758-774.
12. Lewington S., Clarke R., Qizilbash N., Peto R., Collins R.; Prospective Studies Collaboration: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360(9349): 1903-1913.
13. Sever P.S., Messerli F.H.: Hypertension management 2011: optimal combination therapy. Eur. Heart J. 2011; 32(20): 2499-2506.
14. Dolan E., Stanton A., Thijs L., Hinedi K., Atkins N., McClory S., Den Hond E., McCormack P., Staessen J.A., O’Brien E.: Superiority of ambulatory over clinic blood pressure measurement in predicting mortality: the Dublin outcome study. Hypertension 2005; 46(1): 156-161.
15. Arguedas J.A., Perez M.I., Wright J.M.: Treatment blood pressure targets for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 3.
16. Verdecchia P., Reboldi G., Angeli F. et al.: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension 2005; 46: 386-392.
17. Tocci G., Volpe M.: Fixed-combination therapy to improve blood pressure control: experience with olmesartan-based therapy. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2011; 9(7): 829-840.
18. Musini V.M., Tejani A.M., Bassett K., Wright J.M.: Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 4.
19. Zannad F.: Review Practical relevance of the 24-hour trough: peak ratio of antihypertensive drugs. J. Hypertens. (supl.) 1995; 13(2): S109-112.\
20. White W.B.: Importance of blood pressure control over a 24-hour period. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 2007; 13(8 supl. B): S34-39.
21. de la Sierra A., Redon J., Banegas J.R., Segura J., Parati G., Gorostidi M., de la Cruz J.J., Sobrino J., Llisterri J.L., Alonso J., Vinyoles E., Pallarés V., Sarría A., Aranda P., Ruilope L.M.: Prevalence and factors associated with circadian blood pressure patterns in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2009; 53(3): 466-472.
22. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements 2013; 3: 1.
23. Wright J.M., Musini V.M.: First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 3.
24. Chen N., Zhou M., Yang M. et al.: Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; 8.
25. Turnbull F.: Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527-1535.
26. Turnbull F., Neal B., Pfeffer M. et al.: Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J. Hypertens. 2007; 25: 951-958.
27. van Vark L.C., Bertrand M., Akkerhuis K.M. et al.: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibitors involving 158,998 patients. Eur. Heart J. 2012; 33: 2088-2097.
28. Al Khalaf M.M., Thalib L., Doi S.A.: Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients without heart failure treated with ARBs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2009; 9(1): 29-43.
29. Strauss M.H., Hall A.S.: Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction: unraveling the ARB-MI paradox. Circulation 2006; 114: 838-854.
30. Ferrari R.: RAAS inhibition and mortality in hypertension: from pharmacology to clinical evidence. Kardiol. Pol. 2013; 71(1): 1-7.
31. Mallat S.G.: What is a preferred angiotensin II receptor blocker-based combination therapy for blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with diabetic and non-diabetic renal impairment? Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2012; 11: 32.
32. Marshall T.: How many antihypertensives do patients need to achieve a target blood pressure? J. Hum. Hypertens. 2005; 19: 317-319.
33. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., Cushman W.C., Green L.A., Izzo J.L. Jr, Jones D.W., Materson B.J., Oparil S., Wright J.T. Jr, Roccella E.J.: Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42(6): 1206-1252.
34. Flack J.M., Sica D.A., Bakris G., Brown A.L., Ferdinand K.C., Grimm R.H. Jr, Hall W.D., Jones W.E., Kountz D.S., Lea J.P., Nasser S., Nesbitt S.D., Saunders E., Scisney-Matlock M., Jamerson K.A.; International Society on Hypertension in Blacks: Management of high blood pressure in Blacks: an update of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks consensus statement. Hypertension 2010; 56(5): 780-800.
35. Meka N., Katragadda S., Cherian B., Arora R.R.: Combination therapy in hypertension: A focus on angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers. Am. J. Ther. 2010; 17(1): 61-67.
36. Struijker-Boudier H. et al.: Antihypertensive combination treatment and new European Guidelines Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2007; 61: 1592-1602.
37. Suárez C.: Single-pill telmisartan and amlodipine: a rational combination for the treatment of hypertension. Drugs 2011; 71(17): 2295-2305.
38. Wald N.J., Law M.R.: A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003; 28(326): 1419.
39. Al-Ansary L.A., Tricco A.C., Adi Y., Bawazeer G., Perrier L., Al-Ghonaim M., Alyousefi N., Tashkandi M., Straus S.E.: A systematic review of recent clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis, assessment and management of hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e53744.
40. Wald D.S., Law M., Morris J.K. et al.: Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am. J. Med. 2009; 122: 290-300.
41. Prospective Studies Collaboration: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903-1913.
42. Law M.R., Morris J.K., Wald N.J.: Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009; 338: b1665.
43. Gupta A.K., Arshad S., Poulter N.R.: Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2010; 55(2): 399-407.
44. Bangalore S., Kamalakkannan G., Parkar S., Franz H., Messerli F.H.: Fixed-Dose Combinations Improve Medication. Compliance: A Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Med. 2007; 120(8): 713-719.
45. Chrysant S.G.: Single-pill triple-combination therapy: an alternative to multiple-drug treatment of hypertension. Postgrad Med. 2011; 123(6): 21-31.
46. Zhenfeng Zheng, Huilan Shi, Junya Jia, Dong Li, Shan Lin: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aliskiren and angiotension receptor blockers in the management of essential hypertension. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2011; 12(2): 102-112.
47. Jugdutt B.I.: Clinical effectiveness of telmisartan alone or in combination therapy for controlling blood pressure and vascular risk in the elderly. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2010; 5: 403-416.
48. Bertrand M., Mourad J.J., Fox K. et al.: Effect of ACE Inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality in hypertension trials. Journal of Hypertension 2011; 29(e-Supplement A): e31.
49. Egan C.G., Pontremoli R.: Role of the fixed-dose combination lercanidipine-enalapril in renal protection. J. Nephrol. 2011; 24(4): 428-437.
50. Makani H., Bangalore S., Romero J., Wever-Pinzon O., Messerli F.H.: Effect of renin-angiotensin system blockade on calcium channel blocker-associated peripheral edema. Am. J. Med. 2011; 124(2): 128-135.
51. Páll D., Katona E., Juhász M., Paragh G.: Prevention of target organ damage with modern antihypertensive agents. Orv. Hetil. 2006; 147(32): 1505-1511.
52. Sood N., Reinhart K.M., Baker W.L.: Combination therapy for the management of hypertension: A review of the evidence. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2010; 67(11): 885-894.
53. Cappuccio F.P., Markandu N.D., Singer D.R., MacGregor G.A.: Amlodipine and lisinopril in combination for the treatment of essential hypertension: efficacy and predictors of response. J. Hypertens. 1993; 11(8): 839-847.
54. Gerbino P.P., Shoheiber O.: Adherence patterns among patients treated with fixed-dose combination versus separate antihypertensive agents. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2007; 64(12): 1279-1283.
55. Bangalore S., Ley L.: Improving treatment adherence to antihypertensive therapy: the role of single-pill combinations. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2012; 13(3): 345-355.
56. Guthrie R.M.: Review: a single-pill combination of telmisartan plus amlodipine for the treatment of hypertension. Postgrad Med. 2011; 123(6): 58-65.
57. Moen M.D.: Telmisartan/amlodipine: single-pill combination in hypertension. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 2010; 10(6): 401-412.
58. Oparil S., Melino M., Lee J., Fernandez V., Heyrman R.: Triple therapy with olmesartan medoxomil, amlodipine besylate, and hydrochlorothiazide in adult patients with hypertension: The TRINITY multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 12-week, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2010; 32(7): 1252-1269.
59. Kreutz R.: Olmesartan/amlodipine: a review of its use in the management of hypertension. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 2011; 7: 183-192.
60. Volpe M., Christian Rump L., Ammentorp B., Laeis P.: Efficacy and safety of triple antihypertensive therapy with the olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide combination. Clin. Drug. Investig. 2012; 32(10): 649-664.
61. de Leeuw P.W.: Combination perindopril/indapamide for the treatment of hypertension: a review. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2011; 12(11): 1827-1833.
62. Crawford P., Dy D., Carney M.: Clinical inquiries. Which combination drug therapies are most effective for hypertension? J. Fam. Pract. 2011; 60(11): 684-686.