Przewód pokarmowy a COVID-19. Obserwacje po roku pandemii. Część 1. Pacjenci ze schorzeniami górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
wrz 30, 2021
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COVID-19, wirus SARS-CoV-2, objawy ze strony przewodu pokarmowego
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Abstrakt
Najczęstsze objawy kliniczne choroby spowodowanej przez koronawirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) obejmują gorączkę, kaszel, duszność, bóle gardła, bóle mięśni i stawów, dreszcze oraz bóle głowy. W przebiegu COVID-19 stwierdzono także występowanie sympotów ze strony przewodu pokarmowego, takich jak: biegunka, nudności, wymioty, ból brzucha i brak apetytu. Chociaż nie są w pełni poznane mechanizmy odpowiedzialne za rozwój biegunki w COVID-19, obecnie uważa się, że może ona być wynikiem bezpośredniego cytopatycznego działania wirusa oraz odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Dodatkowo po zakażeniu przewodu pokarmowego SARS-CoV-2 u niektórych pacjentów mogą wystąpić zmiany w mikrobiocie jelitowej. W artykule przedstawiono analizę objawów ze strony przewodu pokarmowego, które pojawiają się w przebiegu COVID-19, oraz omówiono zagadnienia związane z ich rozpoznawaniem i leczeniem.
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Gąsiorowska , A. (2021). Przewód pokarmowy a COVID-19. Obserwacje po roku pandemii. Część 1. Pacjenci ze schorzeniami górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego. Medycyna Faktów , 14(3(52), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.MF.0321.2
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Bibliografia
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2. Kariyawasam JC, Jayarajah U, Riza R et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021; 0: 1-27.
3. Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5(4): 335-7.
4. Hui DS, Wong PC, Wang C. SARS: clinical features and diagnosis. Respirology. 2003; 8(suppl 1): S20-4.
5. Kim MN, Kim EC. Considering revision the criteria for patients under investigations for MERS-CoV infections: diarrhea or not. J Korean Med Sci. 2018; 33(53): e344.
6. Troisi J, Venutolo G, Tanyà MP et al. COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: Source of infection or merely a target of the inflammatory process following SARS-CoV-2 infection? World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27(14): 1406-18.
7. Neurath MF, Überla K, Ng SC. Gut as viral reservoir: lessons from gut viromes, HIV and COVID-19. Gut. 2021.
8. Lamers MM, Beumer J, van der Vaart J et al. SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes. Science. 2020; 369(6499): 50-4.
9. Hashimoto T, Perlot T, Rehman A et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 2012; 487(7408): 477-81.
10. Yang T, Chakraborty S, Saha P et al. Gnotobiotic rats reveal that gut microbiota regulates colonic mRNA of Ace2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Hypertension. 2020; 76(1): e1-e3.
11. Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY et al. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159(3): 944-55.
12. Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Roth-Walter F et al. Dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiome has a role in asthma. Semin Immunopathol. 2020; 42(1): 75-93.
13. Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DL et al. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017; 15(1): 55-63.
14. Joynt GM, Wu WK. Understanding COVID-19: what does viral RNA load really mean? Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6): 635-6.
15. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020; 158(6): 1831-3.e3.
16. Deshmukh V, Motwani R, Kumar A et al. Histopathological observations in COVID-19: a systematic review. J Clin Pathol. 2021; 74(2): 76-83.
17. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S et al. Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(6): 916-23.
18. Seeliger B, Philouze G, Benotmane I et al. Is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present intraperitoneally in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection undergoing emergency operations? Surgery. 2020; 168(2): 220-1.
19. D’Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S et al. Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18(8): 1663-72.
20. Carvalho A, Alqusairi R, Adams A et al. SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal Infection Causing Hemorrhagic Colitis: Implications for Detection and Transmission of COVID-19 Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(6): 942-6.
21. Schmulson M, Ghoshal UC, Giovanni B et al. Managing the inevitable surge of Post-COVID-19 functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021; 116(1): 4-7.
22. Gadiparthi C, Perisetti A, Sayana H et al. Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(8): 1283-5.
23. Martin TA, Wan DW, Hajifathalian K et al. Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Matched Case-Control Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(10): 1609-16.
24. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S et al. Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(6): 916-23.
25. Deidda S, Tora L, Firinu D et al. Gastrointestinal coronavirus disease 2019: epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, prevention, and management. Exp Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 15(1): 41-50.
26. Li J, Li C, Wang X et al. Considerations and perspectives on digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Ann Palliat Med. 2021; 10(4): 4858-67.
27. Beigmohammadi MT, Jahanbin B, Safaei M et al. Pathological findings of postmortem biopsies from lung, heart, and liver of 7 deceased COVID-19 patients. Int J Surg Pathol. 2021; 29(2): 135-45.
28. Almario CV, Chey WD, Spiegel B. Increased risk of COVID-19 among users of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(10): 1707-15.
29. Lee SW, Ha EK, Yeniova AÖ et al. Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 associated with proton pump inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study with propensity score matching. Gut. 2021; 70: 76-84.
30. Tastemur S, Ataseven H. Is it possible to use proton pump inhibitors in COVID-19 treatment and prophylaxis? Med Hypotheses. 2020; 143: 110018.
31. Spechler SJ. Proton pump inhibitors: What the internist needs to know. Med Clin N Am. 2019; 103(1): 1-14.
32. Hogan RB, Hogan RB, Cannon T et al. Dual-histamine receptor blockade with cetirizine – famotidine reduces pulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 63: 101942.
33. Dąbrowski A. Bezpieczeństwo stosowania inhibitorów pompy protonowej. Med Prakt. 2019; 7-8: 128-30.
34. Alberca GGF, Solis-Castro RS, Solis-Castro MR. Coronavirus disease-2019 and the intestinal tract: An overview. World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27(13): 1255-66.
35. Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Breda J et al. ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance for nutritional management of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Nutr. 2020; 39(6): 1631-8.
36. Rishi P, Thakur K, Vij S et al. Diet, gut microbiota and COVID-19. Indian J Microbiol. 2020; 60(4): 1-10.
37. Wei PF. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 7). Chin Med J (Engl). 2020; 133(9): 1087-95.
38. Segal JP, Mak JWY, Mullish BH et al. The gut microbiome: an under-recognised contributor to the COVID-19 pandemic? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020; 13: 1756284820974914.
39. Marek T, Reguła J, Kamiński MF et al. Wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Gastroenterologii i Konsultanta Krajowego w dziedzinie gastroenterologii dotyczące wykonywania endoskopii przewodu pokarmowego w związku z epidemią COVID-19 (z dnia 16.03.2020 roku). Gastroenterol Klin. 2020; 12(1): 1-6.
40. Fligor SC, Wang S, Allar BG et al. Gastrointestinal malignancies and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence-based triage to surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020; 24(10): 2357-73.
41. Glasbey JC, Nepogodiev D, Simoes JFF et al. Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international, multicenter, comparative cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39(1): 66-78.
42. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3026.
43. Shah W, Hillman T, Playford ED et al. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ. 2021; 372: n136.
44. Oshima T, Siah KTH, Yoshimoto T et al. Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: A population- based survey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020. http://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15346.
45. Kountouras J, Chatzopoulos D, Zavos C et al. Efficacy of trimebutine therapy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and irritablebowel syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002; 49(43): 193-7.
2. Kariyawasam JC, Jayarajah U, Riza R et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations in COVID-19. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2021; 0: 1-27.
3. Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D. Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5(4): 335-7.
4. Hui DS, Wong PC, Wang C. SARS: clinical features and diagnosis. Respirology. 2003; 8(suppl 1): S20-4.
5. Kim MN, Kim EC. Considering revision the criteria for patients under investigations for MERS-CoV infections: diarrhea or not. J Korean Med Sci. 2018; 33(53): e344.
6. Troisi J, Venutolo G, Tanyà MP et al. COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: Source of infection or merely a target of the inflammatory process following SARS-CoV-2 infection? World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27(14): 1406-18.
7. Neurath MF, Überla K, Ng SC. Gut as viral reservoir: lessons from gut viromes, HIV and COVID-19. Gut. 2021.
8. Lamers MM, Beumer J, van der Vaart J et al. SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes. Science. 2020; 369(6499): 50-4.
9. Hashimoto T, Perlot T, Rehman A et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 2012; 487(7408): 477-81.
10. Yang T, Chakraborty S, Saha P et al. Gnotobiotic rats reveal that gut microbiota regulates colonic mRNA of Ace2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Hypertension. 2020; 76(1): e1-e3.
11. Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY et al. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159(3): 944-55.
12. Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Roth-Walter F et al. Dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiome has a role in asthma. Semin Immunopathol. 2020; 42(1): 75-93.
13. Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DL et al. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017; 15(1): 55-63.
14. Joynt GM, Wu WK. Understanding COVID-19: what does viral RNA load really mean? Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(6): 635-6.
15. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X et al. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020; 158(6): 1831-3.e3.
16. Deshmukh V, Motwani R, Kumar A et al. Histopathological observations in COVID-19: a systematic review. J Clin Pathol. 2021; 74(2): 76-83.
17. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S et al. Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(6): 916-23.
18. Seeliger B, Philouze G, Benotmane I et al. Is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present intraperitoneally in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection undergoing emergency operations? Surgery. 2020; 168(2): 220-1.
19. D’Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S et al. Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18(8): 1663-72.
20. Carvalho A, Alqusairi R, Adams A et al. SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal Infection Causing Hemorrhagic Colitis: Implications for Detection and Transmission of COVID-19 Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(6): 942-6.
21. Schmulson M, Ghoshal UC, Giovanni B et al. Managing the inevitable surge of Post-COVID-19 functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021; 116(1): 4-7.
22. Gadiparthi C, Perisetti A, Sayana H et al. Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients with Severe SARS-CoV-2. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(8): 1283-5.
23. Martin TA, Wan DW, Hajifathalian K et al. Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Matched Case-Control Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(10): 1609-16.
24. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S et al. Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(6): 916-23.
25. Deidda S, Tora L, Firinu D et al. Gastrointestinal coronavirus disease 2019: epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, prevention, and management. Exp Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021; 15(1): 41-50.
26. Li J, Li C, Wang X et al. Considerations and perspectives on digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Ann Palliat Med. 2021; 10(4): 4858-67.
27. Beigmohammadi MT, Jahanbin B, Safaei M et al. Pathological findings of postmortem biopsies from lung, heart, and liver of 7 deceased COVID-19 patients. Int J Surg Pathol. 2021; 29(2): 135-45.
28. Almario CV, Chey WD, Spiegel B. Increased risk of COVID-19 among users of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020; 115(10): 1707-15.
29. Lee SW, Ha EK, Yeniova AÖ et al. Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 associated with proton pump inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study with propensity score matching. Gut. 2021; 70: 76-84.
30. Tastemur S, Ataseven H. Is it possible to use proton pump inhibitors in COVID-19 treatment and prophylaxis? Med Hypotheses. 2020; 143: 110018.
31. Spechler SJ. Proton pump inhibitors: What the internist needs to know. Med Clin N Am. 2019; 103(1): 1-14.
32. Hogan RB, Hogan RB, Cannon T et al. Dual-histamine receptor blockade with cetirizine – famotidine reduces pulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 63: 101942.
33. Dąbrowski A. Bezpieczeństwo stosowania inhibitorów pompy protonowej. Med Prakt. 2019; 7-8: 128-30.
34. Alberca GGF, Solis-Castro RS, Solis-Castro MR. Coronavirus disease-2019 and the intestinal tract: An overview. World J Gastroenterol. 2021; 27(13): 1255-66.
35. Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Breda J et al. ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance for nutritional management of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Nutr. 2020; 39(6): 1631-8.
36. Rishi P, Thakur K, Vij S et al. Diet, gut microbiota and COVID-19. Indian J Microbiol. 2020; 60(4): 1-10.
37. Wei PF. Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 7). Chin Med J (Engl). 2020; 133(9): 1087-95.
38. Segal JP, Mak JWY, Mullish BH et al. The gut microbiome: an under-recognised contributor to the COVID-19 pandemic? Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020; 13: 1756284820974914.
39. Marek T, Reguła J, Kamiński MF et al. Wytyczne Polskiego Towarzystwa Gastroenterologii i Konsultanta Krajowego w dziedzinie gastroenterologii dotyczące wykonywania endoskopii przewodu pokarmowego w związku z epidemią COVID-19 (z dnia 16.03.2020 roku). Gastroenterol Klin. 2020; 12(1): 1-6.
40. Fligor SC, Wang S, Allar BG et al. Gastrointestinal malignancies and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence-based triage to surgery. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020; 24(10): 2357-73.
41. Glasbey JC, Nepogodiev D, Simoes JFF et al. Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international, multicenter, comparative cohort study. J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39(1): 66-78.
42. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020; 370: m3026.
43. Shah W, Hillman T, Playford ED et al. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ. 2021; 372: n136.
44. Oshima T, Siah KTH, Yoshimoto T et al. Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: A population- based survey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020. http://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15346.
45. Kountouras J, Chatzopoulos D, Zavos C et al. Efficacy of trimebutine therapy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and irritablebowel syndrome. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002; 49(43): 193-7.