Recurrent respiratory tract infection or allergic rhinitis?
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Published:
Apr 15, 2019
Keywords:
recurrent respiratory tract infections, allergic rhinitis, children, adults, management
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Abstract
Recurrent respiratory tract infections and different types of allergic rhinitis (AR) are still a major health problem in children and adults. A review paper provides practical guidance to help differentiate viral respiratory infections from AR. Also discussed are the most important publications indicating the increased frequency and more severe clinical course of upper respiratory tract infections in children and adult patients with AR. The most often considered mechanisms explaining the above relationships were recalled. The current treatment options for patients with upper respiratory tract infection and AR have been presented.
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Emeryk , A., Emeryk-Maksymiuk , J., & Jędrzejewski , A. (2019). Recurrent respiratory tract infection or allergic rhinitis?. Alergoprofil, 15(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.AP.151180419
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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22. Ciprandi G., Tosca M.A., Fasce L.: Allergic children have more numerous and severe respiratory infections than non-allergic children. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2006; 17: 389-391.
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25. Skaaby T., Husemoen L.L., Thuesen B.H. et al.: IgE sensitization to inhalant allergens and the risk of airway infection and disease: A population-based study. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0171525.
26. de Oliveira T.B., Klering E.A., da Veiga A.B.G.: Is recurrent respiratory infection associated with allergic respiratory disease? J. Asthma 2018; 13: 1-7.
27. Kang X., Tu H., Tian T. et al.: Home environment and diseases in early life are associated with allergic rhinitis. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2019; 118: 47-52.
28. Tantilipikorn P.: The relationship between allergic rhinitis and viral infections. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2014; 22: 249-252.
29. Matsushita K., Kato Y., Akasaki S., Yoshimoto T.: Proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic nasal diseases. Allergol. Int. 2015; 64: 235-240.
30. Contoli M., Ito K., Padovani A. et al.: Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells. Allergy 2015; 70: 910-920.
31. Dilek F., Emin Ö., Gültepe B. et al.: Evaluation of nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels in children with allergic rhinitis. Turk. Pediatri. Ars. 2017; 52: 79-84.
32. Dilek F., Gultepe B., Ozkaya E. et al.: Beyond anti-microbial properties: The role of cathelicidin in allergic rhinitis. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr.) 2016; 44: 297-302.
33. Dilek F., Ozkaya E., Gultepe B. et al.: Nasal fluid secretory immunoglobulin A levels in children with allergic rhinitis. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2016; 83: 41-46.
34. Głobińska A., Pawełczyk M., Piechota-Polańczyk A. et al.: Impaired virus replication and decreased innate immune responses to viral infections in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2017; 187: 100-112.
35. Jeon Y.J., Lim J.H., An S. et al.: Type III interferons are critical host factors that determine susceptibility to Influenza A viral infection in allergic nasal mucosa. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2018; 48: 253-265.
36. Hamed A., Preston D.C., Eschenbacher W.: Nasal IgE Production in Allergic Rhinitis: Impact of Rhinovirus Infection. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13372.
37. Hryniewicz W., Albrecht P., Radzikowski A. (red.): Rekomendacje postępowania w pozaszpitalnych zakażeniach układu oddechowego 2016. NPOA, Narodowy Instytut Leków, Warszawa 2016: 30-44.
38. Brożek J.L., Bousquet J., Agache I. et al.: Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2017; 140: 950-958.
39. Seidman M.D., Gurgel R.K., Lin S.Y. et al.: Guideline Otolaryngology Development Group, AAO-HNSF: Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015; 152(1 supl.): 1-43.
40. Wise S.K., Lin S.Y., Toskala E. et al.: International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018; 8: 108-352.
41. Rapiejko P., Emeryk A., Lipiec A., Bodajko-Grochowska A.: Postępowanie w ANN u dzieci. W: Emeryk A. (red.): Postępowanie w alergicznym nieżycie nosa i pokrzywkach u dzieci. Medical Education, Warszawa 2019: 63-82.
42. Bousquet J., Schünemann H.J., Hellings P.W. et al.: MACVIA clinical decision algorithm in adolescents and adults with allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2016; 138: 367-374.
43. Roberts G., Xatzipsalti M., Borrego L.M. et al.: Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2013; 68: 1102-1116.
44. Scadding G.K.: Optimal management of allergic rhinitis. Arch. Dis. Child 2015; 100: 576-582.
45. van Driel M.L., Scheire S., Deckx L. et al.: What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ 2018; 363: k3786.
46. King D., Mitchell B., Williams C.P., Spurling G.K.: Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015; (4): CD006821.
47. Deckx L., De Sutter A.I., Guo L. et al.: Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; 10: CD009612.
48. De Sutter A.I., van Driel M.L., Kumar A.A. et al.: Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; (2): CD004976.
49. De Sutter A.I., Saraswat A., van Driel M.L. et al.: Antihistamines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015; (11): CD009345.
50. Wang X.Y., Lim-Jurado M., Prepageran N. et al.: Treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria: a review of the newest antihistamine drug bilastine. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 2016; 12: 585-597.
51. Compalati E., Baena-Cagnani R., Penagos M. et al.: Systematic review on the efficacy of fexofenadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2011; 156: 1-15.
2. de Benedictis F.M., Bush A.: Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections in children. BMJ 2018; 362: k2698.
3. Grüber C., Keil T., Kulig M. et al.: History of respiratory infections in the first 12 yr among children from a birth cohort. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2008; 19: 505-512.
4. Esposito S., Principi N., Italian Society of Pediatric A. et al.: Immunology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and subacute rhinosinusitis in children. J. Chemother. 2008; 20: 147-157.
5. Jesenak M., Urbancikova I., Banovcin P.: Respiratory tract infections and the role of biologically active polysaccharides in their management and prevention. Nutrients 2017; 9(7), pii: E779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070779.
6. van de Vosse E., van Ostaijen-Ten Dam M.M., Vermaire R. et al.: Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTI) in the elderly: A late onset mild immunodeficiency? Clin. Immunol. 2017; 180: 111-119.
7. Toivonen L., Karppinen S., Schuez-Havupalo L. et al.: Burden of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2016; 35: e362-e369.
8. Couriel J.: Assessment of the child with recurrent chest infections. Br. Med. Bull. 2002; 61: 115-132.
9. Arden K.E., McErlean P., Nissen M.D. et al.: Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections. J. Med. Virol. 2006; 78: 1232-1240.
10. Jesenak M., Ciljakova M., Rennerova Z. et al.: Recurrent respiratory infections in children – definition, diagnostic approach, treatment and prevention. W: Ignacio M.L. (red.): Bronchitis. InTechopen 2011: 119-148.
11. Johnston S., Holgate S.: Epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections. W: Myint S., Tylor-Robinson D. (red.): Viral and other infections of the human respiratory tract. Chapman 7 Hall London 1996: 1-38.
12. Kim J.H., Moon B.J., Gong C.H. et al.: Detection of respiratory viruses in adult patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013; 111: 508-511.
13. Samoliński B., Arcimowicz M. (red.): Polskie Standardy Leczenia Nieżytów Nosa – PoSLeNN. Alergologia Polska 2013; nr specjalny S1: 17-167.
14. Rondon C., Romero J.J., Lopez S. et al.: Local IgE production and positive nasal provocation test in patients with persistent non-allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007; 119: 899-905.
15. Rondon C., Canto G., Blanca M.: Local allergic rhinitis: a new entity, characterization and further studies. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010; 10: 1-7.
16. Tsilochristou O., Kyriakakou M., Manolaraki I. et al.: Detection of Local Allergic Rhinitis in children with chronic, difficult-to-treat, non-allergic rhinitis using Multiple Nasal Provocation Tests. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13021.
17. Rondón C., Campo P., Galindo L. et al.: Prevalence and clinical relevance of local allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2012; 67: 1282-1282.
18. [online: http://wwwold.pzh.gov.pl/oldpage/epimeld/grypa/index.htm]. Dostęp: 6.03.2019.
19. [online: https://www.pta.med.pl/wp-content/uploads/kalendarz_zbiorczy_2017_X.pdf]. Dostęp: 6.03.2019.
20. Emeryk A., Rapiejko P., Bartkowiak-Emeryk M., Janeczek K.: Podstawy diagnostyki alergicznego nieżytu nosa. W: Emeryk A. (red.): Postępowanie w alergicznym nieżycie nosa i pokrzywkach u dzieci. Medical Education, Warszawa 2019: 33-56.
21. Emeryk A., Bartkowiak-Emeryk M.: Odrębności kliniczne alergicznego nieżytu nosa u dzieci w wieku do 6. r.ż. W: Emeryk A. (red.): Postępowanie w alergicznym nieżycie nosa i pokrzywkach u dzieci. Medical Education, Warszawa 2019: 57-62.
22. Ciprandi G., Tosca M.A., Fasce L.: Allergic children have more numerous and severe respiratory infections than non-allergic children. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2006; 17: 389-391.
23. Cirillo I., Marseglia G., Klersy C., Ciprandi G.: Allergic patients have more numerous and prolonged respiratory infections than nonallergic subjects. Allergy 2007; 62: 1087-1090.
24. Rantala A., Jaakkola J.J., Jaakkola M.S.: Respiratory infections in adults with atopic disease and IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens. PLoS One 2013; 8: e68582.
25. Skaaby T., Husemoen L.L., Thuesen B.H. et al.: IgE sensitization to inhalant allergens and the risk of airway infection and disease: A population-based study. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0171525.
26. de Oliveira T.B., Klering E.A., da Veiga A.B.G.: Is recurrent respiratory infection associated with allergic respiratory disease? J. Asthma 2018; 13: 1-7.
27. Kang X., Tu H., Tian T. et al.: Home environment and diseases in early life are associated with allergic rhinitis. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2019; 118: 47-52.
28. Tantilipikorn P.: The relationship between allergic rhinitis and viral infections. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2014; 22: 249-252.
29. Matsushita K., Kato Y., Akasaki S., Yoshimoto T.: Proallergic cytokines and group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic nasal diseases. Allergol. Int. 2015; 64: 235-240.
30. Contoli M., Ito K., Padovani A. et al.: Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells. Allergy 2015; 70: 910-920.
31. Dilek F., Emin Ö., Gültepe B. et al.: Evaluation of nasal fluid β-defensin 2 levels in children with allergic rhinitis. Turk. Pediatri. Ars. 2017; 52: 79-84.
32. Dilek F., Gultepe B., Ozkaya E. et al.: Beyond anti-microbial properties: The role of cathelicidin in allergic rhinitis. Allergol. Immunopathol. (Madr.) 2016; 44: 297-302.
33. Dilek F., Ozkaya E., Gultepe B. et al.: Nasal fluid secretory immunoglobulin A levels in children with allergic rhinitis. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2016; 83: 41-46.
34. Głobińska A., Pawełczyk M., Piechota-Polańczyk A. et al.: Impaired virus replication and decreased innate immune responses to viral infections in nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2017; 187: 100-112.
35. Jeon Y.J., Lim J.H., An S. et al.: Type III interferons are critical host factors that determine susceptibility to Influenza A viral infection in allergic nasal mucosa. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2018; 48: 253-265.
36. Hamed A., Preston D.C., Eschenbacher W.: Nasal IgE Production in Allergic Rhinitis: Impact of Rhinovirus Infection. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13372.
37. Hryniewicz W., Albrecht P., Radzikowski A. (red.): Rekomendacje postępowania w pozaszpitalnych zakażeniach układu oddechowego 2016. NPOA, Narodowy Instytut Leków, Warszawa 2016: 30-44.
38. Brożek J.L., Bousquet J., Agache I. et al.: Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2017; 140: 950-958.
39. Seidman M.D., Gurgel R.K., Lin S.Y. et al.: Guideline Otolaryngology Development Group, AAO-HNSF: Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2015; 152(1 supl.): 1-43.
40. Wise S.K., Lin S.Y., Toskala E. et al.: International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018; 8: 108-352.
41. Rapiejko P., Emeryk A., Lipiec A., Bodajko-Grochowska A.: Postępowanie w ANN u dzieci. W: Emeryk A. (red.): Postępowanie w alergicznym nieżycie nosa i pokrzywkach u dzieci. Medical Education, Warszawa 2019: 63-82.
42. Bousquet J., Schünemann H.J., Hellings P.W. et al.: MACVIA clinical decision algorithm in adolescents and adults with allergic rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2016; 138: 367-374.
43. Roberts G., Xatzipsalti M., Borrego L.M. et al.: Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2013; 68: 1102-1116.
44. Scadding G.K.: Optimal management of allergic rhinitis. Arch. Dis. Child 2015; 100: 576-582.
45. van Driel M.L., Scheire S., Deckx L. et al.: What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ 2018; 363: k3786.
46. King D., Mitchell B., Williams C.P., Spurling G.K.: Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015; (4): CD006821.
47. Deckx L., De Sutter A.I., Guo L. et al.: Nasal decongestants in monotherapy for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; 10: CD009612.
48. De Sutter A.I., van Driel M.L., Kumar A.A. et al.: Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; (2): CD004976.
49. De Sutter A.I., Saraswat A., van Driel M.L. et al.: Antihistamines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015; (11): CD009345.
50. Wang X.Y., Lim-Jurado M., Prepageran N. et al.: Treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria: a review of the newest antihistamine drug bilastine. Ther. Clin. Risk. Manag. 2016; 12: 585-597.
51. Compalati E., Baena-Cagnani R., Penagos M. et al.: Systematic review on the efficacy of fexofenadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2011; 156: 1-15.