Ecology of house dust mites
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Published:
Jul 1, 2008
Keywords:
house dust mites, allergenic mites, ecology, epidemiology, Dermatophagoides spp., Pyroglyphid mites
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Abstract
Mites (Acari) are ubiquitous and thrive in many diverse environments. The most important allergy causing mites found in dwellings worldwide are the house dust mites (HDM) of the family Pyroglyphidae – mainly Dermatophagoides pternyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei. This paper gives a review of literature on ecology of the Pyroglyphid mites. In homes, breeding populations of HDM and their allergens are most prevalent in locations where shed skin scales collect and serve as the main source of food for the mites. These places are beds/mattresses, carpets and upholstery furniture (sofas, couches, chairs). Some live mites may be found on the surface of non-carpeted floors and curtains, on clothes and on stuffed toys, but the levels are generally low in these locations compared with mattresses, carpets and/or sofas. The most important limiting factor for HDM populations is air relative humidity. The concentration of HDM in dust samples from dwellings shows systematic variations over the year. It is commonly known, that the most prevalent HDM species in homes differ geographically, between homes within a geographical region, and among places within a home. Therefore, it is important to know which mite species are present in an area when performing diagnostic testing and prescribing immunotherapy.
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Solarz , K. (2008). Ecology of house dust mites. Alergoprofil, 4(2), 2-13. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil/article/view/55
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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10. Wharton G.W.: House dust mites: review article. J. Med. Entomol. 1976, 12: 577-621.
11. Mulla M.S., Sanchez Medina M. : Acaros en Colombia. Bionomia, Ecologia y Distribución. Su importancia en las enfermedades Alérgicas. Colciencias Editora Guadalupe LTDA, Bogota 1980.
12. Van Bronswijk J.E.M.H.: House dust biology (for allergists, acarologists and mycologists). NIB Publishers, Zoelmond 1981.
13. Arlian L.G.: Dust mites: Update on their allergens and control. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001, 1: 581-586.
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15. Arlian L.G., Platts-Mills T.A.E.: The biology of dust mites and the remediation of mite allergens in allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001, 107: 406-413.
16. Arlian L.G., Morgan M.S., Neal J.S.: Dust mite allergens: ecology and distribution. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002, 2: 401-411.
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18. Aalberse R.C.: Allergens from mites: implications of cross-reactivity between invertebrate antigens. Allergy 1998, 53(supl. 48): 47-48.
19. Ferrandiz R., Casas R., Dreborg S.: Purification and IgE binding capacity of Der s 3, a major allergen from Dermatophagoides siboney. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1997, 27: 700-704.
20. Chew F.T., Lim S.H., Goh D.Y., Lee B.W.: Sensitization to local dust-mite fauna in Singapore. Allergy 1999, 54: 1150-1159.
21. Sewer M., Uyema K., Labrada M., Gonzales M., Coca M.: Monoclonal antibodies against Der s 1, a major allergen of Dermatophagoides siboney. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2000, 123(3): 242-248.
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27. Solarz K.: Revision of immature stages of mites from the family Pyroglyphidae. Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2004, Supl. 82: 1-300.
28. O’Connor B.M.: Evolutionary ecology of astigmatid mites. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1982, 27: 385-409.
29. Colloff M.J.: Taxonomy and identification of dust mites. Allergy 1998, 53(Suppl. 48): 7-12.
30. Mumcuoglu Y.K.: Biologie und Ökologie der Hausstaubmilben. Allergologie 1988, 11: 223-228.
31. Arlian L.G.: Biology and Ecology of House Dust Mites, Dermatophagoides spp. and Euroglyphus spp. (Airborne allergens). Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 1989, 9: 339-356.
32. Arlian L.G.: Water balance and humidity requirements of house dust mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1992, 16: 15-35.
33. Spieksma F.T.M.: Mite biology. Clin. Rev. Allergy 1990, 8: 31-49.
34. Hallas T.E.: The biology of mites. Allergy 1991, 46 (supl. 11): 6-9.
35. Colloff M.J., Stewart G.A., Thompson P.J.: House dust acarofauna and Der p I equivalent in Australia: the relative importance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1991, 21: 225-230.
36. Racewicz M.: House dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in the cities of Gdańsk and Gdynia (Northern Poland). Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2001, 8: 33-38.
37. Rao V.R.M., Dean B.V., Seaton A., Williams D.A.: A comparison of mite populations in mattress dust from hospital and from private houses in Cardiff, Wales. Clin. Allergy 1975, 5: 209-215.
38. Green W.F., Marks G.B., Tovey E.R., Toelle B.G., Woolcock A.J.: House dust mites and mite allergens in public places. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1992, 89: 1196-1197.
39. Massey D.G., Furumizo R.T., Fournier-Massey G., Kwock D., Harris S.T.: House dust mites in university dormitories. Ann. Allergy 1988, 61: 229-232.
40. Babe K.S., Arlian L.G., Confer P.D., Kim R.: House dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) prevalence in the rooms and hallways of a tertiary care hospital. Clinical aspects of allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1995, 95: 801-805.
41. Solarz K.: Pyroglyphidae (Acari: Acaridida) in Poland: Distribution, biology, population ecology and epidemiology. Acta Zool. Cracov. 2001a, 44: 435-528.
42. Solarz K.: Risk of exposure to house dust pyroglyphid mites in Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2001b, 8: 11-24.
43. Solarz K.: Pyroglyphidae (Acari: Astigmata) of Poland: Distribution, biology, population ecology and epidemiology. Risk of exposure to house dust pyroglyphid mites in Poland. Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2003, supl. 52: 1-244.
44. Solarz K.: Distribution and ecology of allergenic mites in Poland. Phytophaga 2004, 14: 675-694.
45. Solarz K.: Allergenic mites in habitats associated with man. Biological Lett. 2006, 43(2): 299-306.
46. Solarz, K., Szilman, P., Szilman, E.: Occupational exposure to Allergenic Mites in a Polish ZOO. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2004, 11: 1-7.
47. Solarz K., Szilman P., Szilman E., Krzak M., Jagła A.: Some allergenic species of astigmatid mites (Acari, Acaridida) from different synanthropic environments in southern Poland. Acta Zool. Cracov. 2004, 47(3-4): 125-145.
48. Szilman P., Szilman E., Szilman M., Meszyńska E., Maniurka H., Solarz K., Sieroń A.L.: Occupational exposure to allergenic mites among workers of the Silesian Zoo. Biological Lett. 2006, 43(2): 375-380.
49. Chmielewski W.: Roztocze (Acarina) zamieszkujące gniazda wróbla domowego (Passer domesticus L.). Wiad. Parazytol. 1982, 28: 105-107.
50. Janko M., Gould D.C., Vance L., Stengel C.C., Flack J.: Dust mite allergens in the office environment. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1995, 56: 1133-1140.
51. Walshaw M.J., Evans C.C.: The effect of seasonal and domestic factors on the distribution of Euroglyphus maynei in the homes of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergic patients. Clin. Allergy 1987, 17: 7-14.
52. Uchiksohi S., Kimura H., Nomura K., Chien C., Iida M., Miyake H.: A study of the ecology of the house dust mite in dwelling houses. Tok. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 1982, 7: 233-243.
53. Yagofarov F.F., Galikeev Kh.L.: Some data on the ecology of house dust mites in the conditions of the town of Semipalatinsk. Parazitologiya 1987, 21: 148-151.
54. Chmielewski W.: Mites (Acarina) in house dust of a basemat flat. Proceedings of the Symposium on „Advances of Acarology in Poland“, Siedlce, TN, September 26–27, 1995. Plant Protection Committee and Polish Academy of Science Press. Drukarnia ISK, Siedlce 1995: 205-209.
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56. Platts-Mills T.A.E., Thomas W.R., Aalberse R.C., Vervloet D., Chapman M.D.: Dust mite allergens and asthma: Report of a Second International Workshop. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1992, 89(5): 1046-1060.
57. Pope A.M., Patterson R., Burge H.: Indoor allergens. Assessing and controlling adverse health effects. National Academy Press, Washington 1993.
58. Mosbech H., Gravesen S., Heinig J.H., Korsgaard J., Schou C.: Diagnostic procedures – exposure and environment. Allergy 1991, 46(supl. 11): 23-25.
59. Turos M.: Mites in house dust in the Stockholm area. Allergy 1979, 34: 11-18.
60. Vobrázková E., Kasiakova A., Samšiňák K.: Analysis of dust samples from the clinical environmet of children with eczemas. Angew. Parasitol. 1986, 27: 53-55.
61. Zock J.P., Brunekreef B.: House dust mite allergen levels in dust from schools with smooth and carpeted classroom floors. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1995, 25: 549-553.
62. Hewitt M., Barrow G.I., Miller D.C., Turk F., Turk S.: Mites in the personal environment and their role in skin disorders. Br. J. Dermatol. 1973, 89: 401-409.
63. Cunnington A.M., Gregory P.H.: Mites in bedroom air. Nature 1968, 217: 1271-1272.
64. Arlian L.G., Woodford P.J., Bernstein I.L., Gallagher J.S.: Seasonal population structure of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1983, 20: 99-102.
65. Hart B.J.: Life cycle and reproduction of house-dust mites: environmental factors influencing mite populations. Allergy 1998, 53(supl. 48): 13-17.
66. Arlian L.G., Confer P.D., Rapp C.M., Vyszenski-Moher D.L., Chang J.S.C.: Population dynamics of the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Euroglyphus maynei (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) at specific relative humidities. J. Med. Entomol. 1998a, 35: 46-53.
67. Arlian L.G., Neal J.S., Bacon S.W.: Survival, fecundity, and development of Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) at fluctuating relative humidity. J. Med. Entomol. 1998b, 35: 962-966.
68. Arlian L.G., Neal J.S., Vyszenski-Moher D.A.L.: Fluctuating hydrating and dehydrating relative humidities effects on the life cycle of Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1999a, 36: 457-461.
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2. Wooley T.A.: Acarology: mites and human welfare. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1988.
3. Walter D., Proctor H.: Mites. Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing, Wallingford–New York 1999.
4. Acarid Phylogeny and Evolution: Adaptation in Mites and Ticks (Hardcover). Bernini F., Nannelli R., Nuzzaci G., de Lillo E. (red.). Springer, 2002.
5. Ecology and Evolution of the Acari (Series Entomologica). Bruin J., van der Geest L.P.S., Sabelis M.W. (red.). Springer, 2007.
6. Boczek J., Błaszak C.: Roztocze (Acari) – Znaczenie w życiu i gospodarce człowieka. SGGW, Warszawa 2005.
7. Fain A., Guerin B., Hart B.J.: Mites and allergic disease. Allerbio, Varennes en Argonne 1990.
8. Voorhorst R., Spieksma-Boezeman M.I.A., Spieksma F.T.M.: Is a mite (Dermatophagoides sp.) the producer of the house-dust allergen? Allerg. Asthma 1964, 10: 329-334.
9. Voorhorst R., Spieksma F.T.M., Varekamp H.: House-dust atopy and the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897). Stafleu‘s Scientific Publ.Co., Leiden 1969.
10. Wharton G.W.: House dust mites: review article. J. Med. Entomol. 1976, 12: 577-621.
11. Mulla M.S., Sanchez Medina M. : Acaros en Colombia. Bionomia, Ecologia y Distribución. Su importancia en las enfermedades Alérgicas. Colciencias Editora Guadalupe LTDA, Bogota 1980.
12. Van Bronswijk J.E.M.H.: House dust biology (for allergists, acarologists and mycologists). NIB Publishers, Zoelmond 1981.
13. Arlian L.G.: Dust mites: Update on their allergens and control. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001, 1: 581-586.
14. Arlian L.G.: Arthropod allergens and human health. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2002, 47: 395-433.
15. Arlian L.G., Platts-Mills T.A.E.: The biology of dust mites and the remediation of mite allergens in allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001, 107: 406-413.
16. Arlian L.G., Morgan M.S., Neal J.S.: Dust mite allergens: ecology and distribution. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2002, 2: 401-411.
17. Hill M.R., Newton M.R., Hart B.J.: Comparative IgE responses to extracts of five species of house dust mite, using Western blotting. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1993, 23: 110-116.
18. Aalberse R.C.: Allergens from mites: implications of cross-reactivity between invertebrate antigens. Allergy 1998, 53(supl. 48): 47-48.
19. Ferrandiz R., Casas R., Dreborg S.: Purification and IgE binding capacity of Der s 3, a major allergen from Dermatophagoides siboney. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1997, 27: 700-704.
20. Chew F.T., Lim S.H., Goh D.Y., Lee B.W.: Sensitization to local dust-mite fauna in Singapore. Allergy 1999, 54: 1150-1159.
21. Sewer M., Uyema K., Labrada M., Gonzales M., Coca M.: Monoclonal antibodies against Der s 1, a major allergen of Dermatophagoides siboney. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2000, 123(3): 242-248.
22. Smith A.M., Benjamin D.C., Hozic N., Derewenda U., Smith W.A., Thomas W.R., Gafvelin G., van Hage-Hamsten M., Chapman M.D.: The molecular basis of antigenic cross-reactivity between the group 2 mite allergens. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001, 107(6): 977-984.
23. Colloff M.J.: A review of the biology and allergenicity of Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman, 1950) (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1991b, 11(2-3): 177-198.
24. Tsai L.C., Chao P.L., Hung M.W., Sun Y.C., Kuo I.C., Chua K.Y., Liaw S H., Chua K.Y., Kuo I.C.: Protein sequence analysis and mapping of IgE and IgG epitopes of an allergenic 98-kDa Dermatophagoides farinae paramyosin, Der f 11. Allergy 2000, 55(2): 141-147.
25. Vargas M., Smiley R.L.: A new species of Hughesiella (Acari: Astigmata, Pyroglyphidae) from Costa Rica. Internat. J. Acarol. 1994, 20(2): 123-131.
26. Fain A., Bochkov A.V.: Observations on the Pyroglyphidae (Acari: Astigmata) with descriptionsof a new genus and species from Cygnus melanocoryphus (Molina) (Aves: Anatidae). Internat. J. Acarol. 2003, 29(2): 123-126.
27. Solarz K.: Revision of immature stages of mites from the family Pyroglyphidae. Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2004, Supl. 82: 1-300.
28. O’Connor B.M.: Evolutionary ecology of astigmatid mites. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1982, 27: 385-409.
29. Colloff M.J.: Taxonomy and identification of dust mites. Allergy 1998, 53(Suppl. 48): 7-12.
30. Mumcuoglu Y.K.: Biologie und Ökologie der Hausstaubmilben. Allergologie 1988, 11: 223-228.
31. Arlian L.G.: Biology and Ecology of House Dust Mites, Dermatophagoides spp. and Euroglyphus spp. (Airborne allergens). Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 1989, 9: 339-356.
32. Arlian L.G.: Water balance and humidity requirements of house dust mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 1992, 16: 15-35.
33. Spieksma F.T.M.: Mite biology. Clin. Rev. Allergy 1990, 8: 31-49.
34. Hallas T.E.: The biology of mites. Allergy 1991, 46 (supl. 11): 6-9.
35. Colloff M.J., Stewart G.A., Thompson P.J.: House dust acarofauna and Der p I equivalent in Australia: the relative importance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1991, 21: 225-230.
36. Racewicz M.: House dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) in the cities of Gdańsk and Gdynia (Northern Poland). Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2001, 8: 33-38.
37. Rao V.R.M., Dean B.V., Seaton A., Williams D.A.: A comparison of mite populations in mattress dust from hospital and from private houses in Cardiff, Wales. Clin. Allergy 1975, 5: 209-215.
38. Green W.F., Marks G.B., Tovey E.R., Toelle B.G., Woolcock A.J.: House dust mites and mite allergens in public places. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1992, 89: 1196-1197.
39. Massey D.G., Furumizo R.T., Fournier-Massey G., Kwock D., Harris S.T.: House dust mites in university dormitories. Ann. Allergy 1988, 61: 229-232.
40. Babe K.S., Arlian L.G., Confer P.D., Kim R.: House dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) prevalence in the rooms and hallways of a tertiary care hospital. Clinical aspects of allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1995, 95: 801-805.
41. Solarz K.: Pyroglyphidae (Acari: Acaridida) in Poland: Distribution, biology, population ecology and epidemiology. Acta Zool. Cracov. 2001a, 44: 435-528.
42. Solarz K.: Risk of exposure to house dust pyroglyphid mites in Poland. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2001b, 8: 11-24.
43. Solarz K.: Pyroglyphidae (Acari: Astigmata) of Poland: Distribution, biology, population ecology and epidemiology. Risk of exposure to house dust pyroglyphid mites in Poland. Ann. Acad. Med. Siles. 2003, supl. 52: 1-244.
44. Solarz K.: Distribution and ecology of allergenic mites in Poland. Phytophaga 2004, 14: 675-694.
45. Solarz K.: Allergenic mites in habitats associated with man. Biological Lett. 2006, 43(2): 299-306.
46. Solarz, K., Szilman, P., Szilman, E.: Occupational exposure to Allergenic Mites in a Polish ZOO. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2004, 11: 1-7.
47. Solarz K., Szilman P., Szilman E., Krzak M., Jagła A.: Some allergenic species of astigmatid mites (Acari, Acaridida) from different synanthropic environments in southern Poland. Acta Zool. Cracov. 2004, 47(3-4): 125-145.
48. Szilman P., Szilman E., Szilman M., Meszyńska E., Maniurka H., Solarz K., Sieroń A.L.: Occupational exposure to allergenic mites among workers of the Silesian Zoo. Biological Lett. 2006, 43(2): 375-380.
49. Chmielewski W.: Roztocze (Acarina) zamieszkujące gniazda wróbla domowego (Passer domesticus L.). Wiad. Parazytol. 1982, 28: 105-107.
50. Janko M., Gould D.C., Vance L., Stengel C.C., Flack J.: Dust mite allergens in the office environment. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1995, 56: 1133-1140.
51. Walshaw M.J., Evans C.C.: The effect of seasonal and domestic factors on the distribution of Euroglyphus maynei in the homes of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergic patients. Clin. Allergy 1987, 17: 7-14.
52. Uchiksohi S., Kimura H., Nomura K., Chien C., Iida M., Miyake H.: A study of the ecology of the house dust mite in dwelling houses. Tok. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 1982, 7: 233-243.
53. Yagofarov F.F., Galikeev Kh.L.: Some data on the ecology of house dust mites in the conditions of the town of Semipalatinsk. Parazitologiya 1987, 21: 148-151.
54. Chmielewski W.: Mites (Acarina) in house dust of a basemat flat. Proceedings of the Symposium on „Advances of Acarology in Poland“, Siedlce, TN, September 26–27, 1995. Plant Protection Committee and Polish Academy of Science Press. Drukarnia ISK, Siedlce 1995: 205-209.
55. Samoliński B., Zawisza E., Wasylik A.: Akarofauna domowa na terenie Warszawy w mieszkaniach chorych z alergią wziewną. Mat. VI Symp. Akaroentomol. Med. Wet., Gdańsk, 17–21 września 1989. TN 1989: 37.
56. Platts-Mills T.A.E., Thomas W.R., Aalberse R.C., Vervloet D., Chapman M.D.: Dust mite allergens and asthma: Report of a Second International Workshop. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1992, 89(5): 1046-1060.
57. Pope A.M., Patterson R., Burge H.: Indoor allergens. Assessing and controlling adverse health effects. National Academy Press, Washington 1993.
58. Mosbech H., Gravesen S., Heinig J.H., Korsgaard J., Schou C.: Diagnostic procedures – exposure and environment. Allergy 1991, 46(supl. 11): 23-25.
59. Turos M.: Mites in house dust in the Stockholm area. Allergy 1979, 34: 11-18.
60. Vobrázková E., Kasiakova A., Samšiňák K.: Analysis of dust samples from the clinical environmet of children with eczemas. Angew. Parasitol. 1986, 27: 53-55.
61. Zock J.P., Brunekreef B.: House dust mite allergen levels in dust from schools with smooth and carpeted classroom floors. Clin. Exp. Allergy 1995, 25: 549-553.
62. Hewitt M., Barrow G.I., Miller D.C., Turk F., Turk S.: Mites in the personal environment and their role in skin disorders. Br. J. Dermatol. 1973, 89: 401-409.
63. Cunnington A.M., Gregory P.H.: Mites in bedroom air. Nature 1968, 217: 1271-1272.
64. Arlian L.G., Woodford P.J., Bernstein I.L., Gallagher J.S.: Seasonal population structure of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1983, 20: 99-102.
65. Hart B.J.: Life cycle and reproduction of house-dust mites: environmental factors influencing mite populations. Allergy 1998, 53(supl. 48): 13-17.
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