How to reduce the carbon footprint of pressurized metered dose inhalers? Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2022
Keywords:
pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI), hydrofluoroalkanes, carbon footprint, global warming potential
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Abstract
Pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) have the largest carbon footprint of any individual inhalation device. It depends to the greatest extent on the propellants used. pMDI with HFA 227a has a carbon footprint of 2-3 times greater than that of the pMDI with HFA 134a. The reduction of the pMDI carbon footprint can be achieved by reducing the prescription of drugs in pMDI in favor of dry powder inhalers (DPI), introducing common inhaler recycling, changing the formulation of some drugs, or introducing new propellants in pMDI with a low global warming potential. The most advanced work is underway on the HFA 152a. It is expected that HFA 152a inhalers will have a carbon footprint similar to the average DPI.
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How to Cite
Emeryk , A., Emeryk-Maksymiuk , J., & Sosnowski , T. R. (2022). How to reduce the carbon footprint of pressurized metered dose inhalers?. Alergoprofil, 18(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.AP.181100322
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THERAPY
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
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2. Myrdal PB, Sheth P, Stein SW. Advances in metered dose inhaler technology: formulation development. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2014; 15: 434-55.
3. PRODUCT INFORMATION. QVAR. (access: 10.10.2021).
4. Baron Ch. Is now the time to shake up the pMDI environment? Pulm Nasal Drug Deliv. 2020; 106: 1013.
5. Acerbi D, Brambilla G, Kottakis I et al. Advances in asthma and COPD management: Delivering CFC-free inhaled therapy using Modulite® technology. Pulm Pharmac Ther. 2007; 20: 290-303.
6. Scichilone N, Spatafora M, Battaglia S et al. Lung penetration and patient adherence considerations in the management of asthma: role of extra-fine formulations. J Asthma Allergy. 2013; 6: 11-21.
7. De Backer W, Devolder A, Poli G et al. Lung deposition of BDP/formoterol HFA pMDI in healthy volunteers, asthmatic, and COPD patients. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2010; 23(3): 137-48.
8. Leach Ch, Colice GL, Luskin A. Particle size of inhaled corticosteroids: Does it matter? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124: S88-S93.
9. Peters GP. Carbon footprints and embodied carbon at multiple scale. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2010; 2: 245-50.
10. IPCC 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ et al (ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
11. EPA, 2020. (access: 10.10.2021).
12. Goulet B, Olson L, Mayer KB. A comparative life cycle assessment between a metered dose inhaler and electric nebulizer. Sustainability. 2017; 9: 1725.
13. http://www.ondrugdelivery.com (access: 10.10.2021).
14. Hansel M, Bambach T, Wachtel H. Reduced environmental impact of the reusable Respimat soft mist inhaler compared with pressurized metered-dose inhalers. Adv Ther. 2019; 36: 2487-92.
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16. Janson Ch, Henderson R, Löfdahl M et al. Carbon footprint impact of the choice of inhalers for asthma and COPD. Thorax. 2020; 75: 82-4.
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21. Emeryk WA, Sosnowski T, Kupczyk M et al. Impact of inhalers used in the treatment of respiratory diseases on global warming. Adv Respir Med. 2021; 89(4): 427-38.
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30. Usmani OS. Choosing the right inhaler for your asthma or COPD patient. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019; 15: 461-72.
31. Mahler DA. The role of inspiratory flow in selection and use of inhaled therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2020; 161: 105857.
32. Fuglo-Mortensen R, Lange P, Mortensen J. Inhalers and inhalation techniques in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ugeskr Laeger. 2019; 181(33): 5-9.
33. Rogliani P, Calzetta L, Coppola A et al. Optimizing drug delivery in COPD: the role of inhaler devices. Respir Med. 2017; 124: 6-14.
34. Jeswani HA, Azapagic A. Life cycle environmental impacts of inhalers. J Clean Prod. 2019; 237.
35. Pritchard JN. The climate is changing for metered-dose inhalers and action is needed. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020; 14: 3043-55.
36. Jeswani H, Azapagic A. Environmental assessment of metered dose inhaler propellant: potential for a reduced carbon footprint alternative. Respir Drug Deliv Europe. 2017. Abstract.
37. Corr S, Noakes T. Pressurised metered dose inhaler propellants: going forward. Respir Drug Deliv Europe. 2017. Abstract.
38. Press Release, Chiesi, December 4, 2019. Chiesi outlines €350 million investment and announces the development of the first carbon minimal pressurised Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) for Asthma and COPD.
39. We ACT Day 2019: Chiesi sets itself the challenge of becoming carbon neutral by 2035 (access:10.10.2021).
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