Recreational diving in the tropics – selected health hazards from maritime and land fauna
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Published:
Jun 30, 2009
Keywords:
diving, tropics
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Abstract
Selected health hazards that amateurs of recreational diving can possibly encounter whilst relaxing in the sea of hot climate area or during stay on the beach near water reservoirs. In the sea environment a threat for health and life can be posed by contact with raptorial and venomous animals (sharks, barracuda, muraena, sea snakes). On the other hand, during recreation on land, a threat can be posed by Hymenoptera insects, spiders and scorpions. Based on available world literature and their own observations, the authors presented dangerous maritime and land fauna, and discussed clinical image and conduct in the case of body injuries.
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Korzeniewski , K., Konarski , M., & Kacprzak , E. (2009). Recreational diving in the tropics – selected health hazards from maritime and land fauna. Alergoprofil, 5(2), 8-12. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil/article/view/128
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
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3. Warrell D.A.: Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals. W: Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4th ed., Vol.1. Warrell D.A., Cox T.M., Firth J.D. (red.). Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003: 923-946.
4. Junghanss T., Bodio M.: Medically Important Venomous Animals: Biology, Prevention, First Aid, and Clinical Management. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006, 43: 1309- 1317.
5. Halstead B.W.: Poisonous and venomous marine animals of the world. Darwin Press, Princeton 1988.
6. Fenner P.J., Williamson J.A., Skinner R.A.: Fatal and nonfatal stingray environment. Medical Journal of Australia 1989, 151: 621-625.
7. Meier J., White J.: Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1995.
8. Auerbach P.S., Yajko D.M., Nassos P.S. et al.: Bacteriology of the marine environment: implications for clinical therapy. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1987, 16: 643-649.
9. Reid H.A.: Epidemiology and clinical aspects of sea snakes bites. W: The biology of sea snakes. Dunson W.A. (red.). Park Press, Baltimore 1975: 417-462.
10. Maretic Z., Russell F.E., Ladavac J.: Epidemic of stings by the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca in the Adriatic. W: Natural toxins: proceedings of the 6th international symposium on animals, plants and microbial toxins, Uppsala, August 1979. Eaker D., Wadstrom T. (red.). Pergamon Press, Oxford 1980: 77-82.
11. Ohtaki N., Satoh A., Azuma H., Nakajima T.: Delayed flareup reactions caused by jellyfish. Dermatologia 1986, 172: 98-103.
12. Martin J.C., Audley I.: Cardiac failure following Irukandji envenomation. Medical Journal of Australia 1990,153: 164-166.
13. Togias A.G., Burnett J.W., Kagey-Sobotka A., Lichtenstein L.M.: Anaphylaxis after contact with a jellyfish. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1985, 75: 672-675.
14. Hartwick R., Callanan V., Williamson J.: Disarming the box-jellyfish: nematocyst inhibition in Chironex fleckeri. Medical Journal of Australia 1980, 1: 15-20.
15. Beadnell C.E., Rider T.A., Williamson J.A., Fenner P.J.: Management of a major box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) sting: lessons from the first minutes and hours. Medical Journal of Australia 1992, 156: 655-658.
16. Muller U.R.: Insect sting allergy. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1990.
17. Keegan H.L.: Scorpions of medical importance. University Press of Missisipi, Jackson 1980.
18. Curry S.C., Vance M.V., Ryan P.J., Kunkel D.B. et al.: Envenomation by the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus. Journal of Toxicology-Clinical Toxicology 1983, 21: 417-449.
19. Amaral C.F., Lopes J.A., Magalhaes R.A., de Rezende N.A.: Electrocardiografic, enzymatic and echocardiografic evidence of myocardial damage after Tityus serrulatus scorpion poisoning. American Journal of Cardiology 1991, 67: 655-657.
20. Bawaskar H.S., Bawaskar P.H.: Management of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the Indian red scorpion (Mesobuthus tamulus). British Hearth Journal 1992, 68: 478-480.
21. Amaral C.F., de Rezende N.A.: Treatment of scorpion envenoming should include both a potent specific antivenom and support of vital functions. Toxicon 2000, 38: 1005-1007.
22. Gueron M., Margulis G., Ilia R., Sofer S.: The management of scorpion envenomation. Toxicon 1993, 31: 1071-1076.
23. Ismail M.: Serotherapy of the scorpion envenoming syndrome is irrationally convicted without trial. Toxicon 1993, 31: 1077-1083.
24. Muller G.J.: Black and brown widow spider bites in South Africa, a series of 45 cases. South African Medical Journal 1993, 83: 399-405.
25. Isbister G.K., Graudins A., White J., Warrell D.: Antivenom treatment in arachnidism. Journal of Toxicology-Clinical Toxicology 2003, 41: 291-300.
26. Isbister G.K., Gray M.R.: A prospective study of 750 definite spider bites, with expert spider identification. QJM 2002, 95: 723-731.
27. Vetter R.S., Bush S.P.: Reports of presumptive brown recluse spider bites reinforce improbable diagnosis in regions of North America where the spider is not endemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002, 35: 442-445.