Treatment of cognitive dysfunctions – the Holy Grail of schizophrenia treatment Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2015
Keywords:
schizophrenia, cognitive dysfunctions, neurocognitive hypothesis, glutamatergic hypothesis
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Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions are the core symptom of schizophrenia. The cognitive dysfunctions are present many years before the first episode of the disease and continue for the rest of life. Even the second generation antipsychotics have the partial effectiveness in the treatment of schizophrenic cognitive dysfunctions. The article describes the mechanism of cognitive dysfunctions according to the neurodevelopmental and glutamatergic theories. The therapeutic implications of the scientific model of schizophrenia are presented, too.
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References
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15. Albus M, Hubmann W, Mohr F et al. Neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: results of a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256: 442-451.
16. Olivares JM, Peuskens J, Pecenak J et al, e-STAR Study Group. Long-term outcomes in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone long-acting injection or oral antipsychotics in Spain: results from the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry (e-STAR). Eur Psychiatry 2009; 24: 287-296.
17. Suzuki H, Gen K. The influence of switching from haloperidol decanoate depot to risperidone long-acting injection on the clinical symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27: 470-475.
18. Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM et al. Effects of switching to long-acting injectable risperidone from oral atypical antipsychotics on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 565-573.
19. Vita A, Luca P, Deste G et al. The effect of antipsychotic treatment on cortical gray matter changes in schizophrenia: does the class matter? A meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 2015 (manuskrypt przyjęty do druku, udostępniony przez autora).
20. Andreasen NC, Liu D, Ziebell S et al. Relapse duration, treatment intensity, and brain tissue loss in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 609-615.
2. Nuechterlein KH, Barch DM, Gold JM et al. Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2004; 72: 29-39.
3. Pratt JA, Winchester C, Egerton A et al. Modelling prefrontal cortex deficits in schizophrenia: implications for treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 (suppl. 1): 465-470.
4. Kantrowitz JT, Javitt DC. Thinking glutamatergically: changing concepts of schizophrenia based upon changing neurochemical models. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 2010; 4: 189-200.
5. Klingberg S, Wittorf A, Sickinger S et al. Course of cognitive functioning during the stabilization phase of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42: 259-267.
6. Kurtz MM. Neurocognitive impairment across the lifespan in schizophrenia: an update. Schizophr Res 2005; 74: 15-26.
7. Stirling J, White C, Lewis S et al. Neurocognitive function and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a 10-year follow-up of an epidemiological cohort. Schizophr Res 2003; 65: 75-86.
8. Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G et al. Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 78: 27-34.
9. Øie M, Sundet K, Rund BR. Neurocognitive decline in early-onset schizophrenia compared with ADHD and normal controls: evidence from a 13-year follow-up study. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36: 557-565.
10. Krzystanek M, Krupka-Matuszczyk I, Klasik A. Neurocognitive expression of hypofrontality in long term schizophrenia. W: Uehara T (red.) Psychiatric disorders – trends and developments. InTech, Rijeka 2011, 93-106.
11. Mishara AL, Goldberg TE. A meta-analysis and critical review of the effects of conventional neuroleptic treatment on cognition in schizophrenia: opening a closed book. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 1013-1022.
12. Keefe RS, Seidman LJ, Christensen BK et al. Comparative effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus low doses of haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 985-995.
13. Kawai N, Yamakawa Y, Baba A et al. High-dose of multiple antipsychotics and cognitive function in schizophrenia: the effect of dose-reduction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30: 1009-1014.
14. Hori H, Noguchi H, Hashimoto R et al. Antipsychotic medication and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006; 86: 138-146.
15. Albus M, Hubmann W, Mohr F et al. Neurocognitive functioning in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: results of a prospective 5-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256: 442-451.
16. Olivares JM, Peuskens J, Pecenak J et al, e-STAR Study Group. Long-term outcomes in patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone long-acting injection or oral antipsychotics in Spain: results from the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry (e-STAR). Eur Psychiatry 2009; 24: 287-296.
17. Suzuki H, Gen K. The influence of switching from haloperidol decanoate depot to risperidone long-acting injection on the clinical symptoms and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27: 470-475.
18. Kim SW, Shin IS, Kim JM et al. Effects of switching to long-acting injectable risperidone from oral atypical antipsychotics on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24: 565-573.
19. Vita A, Luca P, Deste G et al. The effect of antipsychotic treatment on cortical gray matter changes in schizophrenia: does the class matter? A meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 2015 (manuskrypt przyjęty do druku, udostępniony przez autora).
20. Andreasen NC, Liu D, Ziebell S et al. Relapse duration, treatment intensity, and brain tissue loss in schizophrenia: a prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 609-615.