The pharmacotherapy of treatment-resistant depression Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2015
Keywords:
depression, treatment resistance, pharmacotherapy
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Abstract
For over 40 years researchers are trying to understand what does treatment resistance in depression means. New definitions, staging methods in treatment do not decrease numbers of treatment-resistant patients, which might suggest influence of other factors, such as false diagnosis, inadequate treatment, psychosocial factors. Current strategies of treatment include use of new biological methods or drugs with different mechanisms. Assessment of efficacy and safety glutamatergic drugs and dopamine agonists seems to be important in context add-on treatment or monotherapy.
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References
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2. Little A. Treatment resistant depression. Am Fam Phys 2009; 80(2): 167-172.
3. Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don’t succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(suppl. 13): 23-29.
4. Souery D, Papakostas GI, Trivedi MH. Treatment-Resistant Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(suppl. 6): 16-22.
5. Phillips KA, Nierenberg AA. The assessment and treatment of refractory depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55: 20-26.
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10. Zhang X, Gainetdinov RR, Beaulieu JM et al. Loss-of-function mutation in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 identified in unipolar major depression. Neuron 2005; 45: 11-16.
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12. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR et al. Acute and Longer-Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-1917.
13. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR et al. for the STAR*D Study Team*Medication Augmentation after the Failure of SSRIs for Depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1243-1251.
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15. Parker G, Brotchie H. Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121(4): 308-14.
16. Candy M, Jones L, Williams R et al. Psychostimulants for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (2): CD006722.
17. Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J et al. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(11): 1079-1088.
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20. Fabrazzo M, Perris F, Monteleone P et al. Aripiprazole augmentation strategy in clomipramine-resistant depressive patients: an open preliminary study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22: 132-136.
21. Degenhardt EK, Jamal HH, Tormey S, Case M. Early weight gain as a predictor of substantial weight gain with olanzapine/ fluoxetine combination: an analysis of 2 adult studies in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31: 33-340.
22. Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Nierenberg AA et al. Ziprasidone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 217-221.
23. Anderson IM, Sarsfield A, Haddad PM. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of quetiapine augmentation in treatment resistant depression: an open label, pilot study. J Affect Disord 2009; 117: 116-119.
24. Fang Y, Yuan C, Xu Y et al.; OPERATION Study Team. A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine augmented with risperidone, valproate, buspirone, trazodone, or thyroid hormone in adult Chinese patients with treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31: 638-642.
25. Dierckx B, Heijnen WT, van den Broek WW, Birkenhäger TK. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14: 146-150.
26. Semkovska M, McLoughlin DM. Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68(6): 568-577.
27. Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63(8): 856-864.
28. Zarate CA Jr, Brutsche NE, Ibrahim L et al. Replication of ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a randomized controlled add-on trial. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71(11): 939-946.
29. Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic Dysfunction in Depression: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Science 2012; 338(6103): 68-72.
30. Gosek P, Chojnacka M, Bieńkowski P, Święcicki Ł. Zastosowanie antagonisty receptorów NMDA (N-metylo-D-sparaginianu) – ketaminy w leczeniu depresji lekoopornej. Psychiatr Pol 2012; XLVI(2): 283-294.
31. Permoda-Osip A, Skibińska M, Bartkowska-Śniatkowska A et al. Czynniki skuteczności jednorazowego wlewu ketaminy w depresji w przebiegu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej. Psychiatr Pol 2014; 48(1): 35-47.
32. Sławek J. Agoniści dopaminy w leczeniu choroby Parkinsona i zespołu niespokojnych nóg. Polski Przegląd Neurologiczny 2013; 9, 4: 152-159.
33. Sławek J, Bogucki A, Koziorowski D, Rudzińska M. Pramipeksol w chorobie Parkinsona i zespole niespokojnych nóg. Neuroedu.pl 2015, 1.
34. Mah L, Zarate CA Jr, Nugent AC et al. Neural mechanisms of antidepressant efficacy of the dopamine receptor agonist pramipexole in treatment of bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011; 14(4): 545-551.
35. Onoue Y, Kuwatsuka K, Miyazaki I et al. Effects of bupropion and pramipexole on cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adrenocorticotropic hormone-treated rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37(2): 327-330.
36. Hori H, Kunugi H. The efficacy of pramipexole, a dopamine receptor agonist, as an adjunctive treatment in treatment-resistant depression: an open-label trial. Scientific World Journal 2012; 2012: 372-474.
37. Cusin C, Iovieno N, Iosifescu DV et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole augmentation in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74(7): 636-641.
38. Hori H, Kunugi H. Dopamine agonist-responsive depression. Psychogeriatrics 2013; 13(3): 189-195.
39. Sienaert P, Lambrichts L, Dols A, De Fruyt J. Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15(1): 61-69.
40. Haddad PM, Talbot PS, Anderson IM, McAllister-Williams RH. Managing inadequate antidepressant response in depressive illness. Br Med Bull 2015; 115(1): 183-201.
2. Little A. Treatment resistant depression. Am Fam Phys 2009; 80(2): 167-172.
3. Thase ME, Rush AJ. When at first you don’t succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58(suppl. 13): 23-29.
4. Souery D, Papakostas GI, Trivedi MH. Treatment-Resistant Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(suppl. 6): 16-22.
5. Phillips KA, Nierenberg AA. The assessment and treatment of refractory depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55: 20-26.
6. Vieta E, Colom F. Therapeutic options in treatment-resistant depression. Ann Med 2011; 43: 512-530.
7. Maalouf FT, Atwi M, Brent DA. Treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: review and updates on clinical management. Depress Anxiet 2011; 28: 946-954.
8. Shamseddeen W, Asarnow JR, Clarke G et al. Impact of physical and sexual abuse on treatment response in the Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescent Study (TORDIA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50: 293-301.
9. Serretti A, Chiesa A, Calati R et al. A preliminary investigation of the influence of CREB1 gene on treatment resistance in major depression. J Affect Disord 2011; 128: 56-63.
10. Zhang X, Gainetdinov RR, Beaulieu JM et al. Loss-of-function mutation in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 identified in unipolar major depression. Neuron 2005; 45: 11-16.
11. Baud P. Risk factors and psychosocial disability of treatment resistant depression. Rev Med Suisse 2011; 7: 1802-1806.
12. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR et al. Acute and Longer-Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1905-1917.
13. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR et al. for the STAR*D Study Team*Medication Augmentation after the Failure of SSRIs for Depression. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1243-1251.
14. Tundo A, de Filippis R, Proletti L. Pharmacological approaches to treatment resistant depression. Evidences and personal experience. World J Psychiatr 2015; 5(3): 330-341.
15. Parker G, Brotchie H. Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121(4): 308-14.
16. Candy M, Jones L, Williams R et al. Psychostimulants for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (2): CD006722.
17. Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J et al. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(11): 1079-1088.
18. Young AH, McElroy SL, Olausson B, Paulsson B. Embolden I (D1447C00001); Embolden II (D1447C00134) Investigators. A randomised, placebo-controlled 52-week trial of continued quetiapine treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15(2): 96-112.
19. Al-Harbi AS. Treatment-resistant depression: therapeutic trends, challenges, and future directions Patient Preference and Adherence 2012; 6: 369-388.
20. Fabrazzo M, Perris F, Monteleone P et al. Aripiprazole augmentation strategy in clomipramine-resistant depressive patients: an open preliminary study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22: 132-136.
21. Degenhardt EK, Jamal HH, Tormey S, Case M. Early weight gain as a predictor of substantial weight gain with olanzapine/ fluoxetine combination: an analysis of 2 adult studies in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31: 33-340.
22. Papakostas GI, Petersen TJ, Nierenberg AA et al. Ziprasidone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 217-221.
23. Anderson IM, Sarsfield A, Haddad PM. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of quetiapine augmentation in treatment resistant depression: an open label, pilot study. J Affect Disord 2009; 117: 116-119.
24. Fang Y, Yuan C, Xu Y et al.; OPERATION Study Team. A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine augmented with risperidone, valproate, buspirone, trazodone, or thyroid hormone in adult Chinese patients with treatment-resistant major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2011; 31: 638-642.
25. Dierckx B, Heijnen WT, van den Broek WW, Birkenhäger TK. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14: 146-150.
26. Semkovska M, McLoughlin DM. Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68(6): 568-577.
27. Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63(8): 856-864.
28. Zarate CA Jr, Brutsche NE, Ibrahim L et al. Replication of ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a randomized controlled add-on trial. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71(11): 939-946.
29. Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic Dysfunction in Depression: Potential Therapeutic Targets. Science 2012; 338(6103): 68-72.
30. Gosek P, Chojnacka M, Bieńkowski P, Święcicki Ł. Zastosowanie antagonisty receptorów NMDA (N-metylo-D-sparaginianu) – ketaminy w leczeniu depresji lekoopornej. Psychiatr Pol 2012; XLVI(2): 283-294.
31. Permoda-Osip A, Skibińska M, Bartkowska-Śniatkowska A et al. Czynniki skuteczności jednorazowego wlewu ketaminy w depresji w przebiegu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej. Psychiatr Pol 2014; 48(1): 35-47.
32. Sławek J. Agoniści dopaminy w leczeniu choroby Parkinsona i zespołu niespokojnych nóg. Polski Przegląd Neurologiczny 2013; 9, 4: 152-159.
33. Sławek J, Bogucki A, Koziorowski D, Rudzińska M. Pramipeksol w chorobie Parkinsona i zespole niespokojnych nóg. Neuroedu.pl 2015, 1.
34. Mah L, Zarate CA Jr, Nugent AC et al. Neural mechanisms of antidepressant efficacy of the dopamine receptor agonist pramipexole in treatment of bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011; 14(4): 545-551.
35. Onoue Y, Kuwatsuka K, Miyazaki I et al. Effects of bupropion and pramipexole on cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adrenocorticotropic hormone-treated rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37(2): 327-330.
36. Hori H, Kunugi H. The efficacy of pramipexole, a dopamine receptor agonist, as an adjunctive treatment in treatment-resistant depression: an open-label trial. Scientific World Journal 2012; 2012: 372-474.
37. Cusin C, Iovieno N, Iosifescu DV et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole augmentation in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74(7): 636-641.
38. Hori H, Kunugi H. Dopamine agonist-responsive depression. Psychogeriatrics 2013; 13(3): 189-195.
39. Sienaert P, Lambrichts L, Dols A, De Fruyt J. Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 2013; 15(1): 61-69.
40. Haddad PM, Talbot PS, Anderson IM, McAllister-Williams RH. Managing inadequate antidepressant response in depressive illness. Br Med Bull 2015; 115(1): 183-201.