Why has valproic acid become the most commonly used mood stabilizer? Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2018
Keywords:
valproic acid, mood stabilizer, bipolar disorder
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Abstract
Paradoxically, as evidence about the therapeutic efficacy of lithium increases there is a relative decrease in lithium prescribing in most of developed countries. Actually, lithium use overall remained constant, whilst second generation antipsychotics, combinations and especially valproate use has increased dramatically from the beginning of nineties in 20th century in bipolar treatment. The various reasons for the decreasing lithium and rise of valproate trends play a role in prescribing practice. The lithium unfavorable side effect profile, its problems with patients’ adherence and on the other hand the more clinically universal profile of valproate, effective in various forms bipolar disorders, both during monotherapy or in combinations, can explain all these trends. New reports on the unique neurotrophic potential of valproate are probably also taken into account by psychiatrists.
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References
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38. Allen MH, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ et al. Linear relationship of valproate serum concentration to response and optimal serum levels for acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 272-275.
39. Food and Drug Administration. Online: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm.
40. Leng Y, Liang MH, Ren M et al. Synergistic neuroprotective effects of lithium and valproic acid or other histone deacetylase inhibitors in neurons: roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 2576-2588.
41. Hassel B, Iversen EG, Gjerstad L, Taubol E. Up-regulation of hippocampal glutamate transport during chronic treatment with sodium valproate. J Neurochem 2001; 77: 1285-1292.
42. Ito K. Valproate blocks a high dose of methamphetamine-induced apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex and accompanied neuroplastic PPI deficit. 18th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology/38th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology, P2-E2, 2008.
43. Nuutinen T, Suuronen T, Kauppinen A, Salminen A. Valproic acid stimulates clusterin expression in human astrocytes: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Letters 2010; 475: 64-68.
44. Zhang XZ, Li XJ, Zhang HY. Valproic acid as a promising agent to combat Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research Bulletin 2010; 81: 3-6.
45. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1313-1317.
46. Liu A, Han YR, Li J et al. The glial or neuronal fate choice of oligodendrocyte progenitors is modulated by their ability to acquire an epigenetic memory. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 7339-7343.
47. Laeng P, Pitts RL, Lemire AL. et al. The mood stabilizer valproic acid stimulates GABA neurogenesis from rat forebrain stem cells. J Neurochem 2004; 91: 238-251.
48. Fischer A, Sananbenesi F, Wang X et al. Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodeling. Nature 2007; 447: 178-182.
49. Tariot PN, Loy R, Ryan JM et al. Mood stabilizers in Alzheimer’s disease: symptomatic and neuroprotective rationales. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 1567-1577.
50. Hao Y, Creson T, Zhang L et al. Mood stabilizer valproate promotes ERK pathway-dependent cortical neuronal growth and neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 6590-6599.
51. Urząd Rejestracji Produktów Leczniczych, Wyrobów Medycznych i Produktów Biobójczych. Online: http://www.urpl.gov.pl/.
52. Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res 2008; 81(1): 1-13.
53. Aurlien D, Larsen J P, Gjerstad L, Taubøll E. Increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in females using lamotrigine: A nested, case-control study. Epilepsia 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03334.x.
2. National Institute of Health. Online: www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
3. Perucca E. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of valproate: a summary after 35 years of clinical experience. CNS Drugs 2002; 16: 695-714.
4. ChPL. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Online: http://leki.urpl.gov.pl/files/25_Depakine_Chrono.pdf .
5. Łoza B. Pozarejestracyjne zastosowanie leków psychotropowych. Neuropsychiatria. Przegląd Kliniczny 2012; 4(1): 5-10.
6. Bowden CL, Singh V. Valproate in bipolar disorder: 2000 onwards. Ac Psych Scand 2005; 426: 13-20.
7. Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 2011; 378(9799): 1306-1315.
8. Yildiz A, Vieta E, Leucht S, Baldessarini RJ. Efficacy of antimanic treatments: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36(2): 375-389.
9. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL et al. A randomized, placebo- controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 481-489.
10. Calabrese JR, Markovitz PJ, Kimmel SE, Wagner SC. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 78 rapid-cycling bipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 1: 53-56.
11. McDonagh M, Peterson K, Lee N, Thakurta S. Drug Class Review: Antiepileptic Drugs for Indications Other Than Epilepsy: Final Report Update 2. Oregon Health & Science University; Portland 2008.
12. Taylor D, Duncan D. Treatment options for rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatric Bulletin 1996; 20: 601-603.
13. Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN. Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 228-234.
14. Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Azorin JM et al. Valproate for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review and meta- analysis. J Affect Disord 2010; 122: 1-9.
15. Goikolea J, Torres I, Valenti M, Popovic D. Maintenance treatment: evidence-base and beyond. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21(suppl 3): 226.
16. Popovic D, Reinares M, Goikolea JM et al. Polarity index of pharmacological agents used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22(5): 339-346.
17. Macritchie KA, Geddes JR, Scott J et al. Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 3: CD003196.
18. Łoza B, Czernikiewicz A. Pierwszy ogólnopolski konsensus na temat leczenia zaburzeń dwubiegunowych. Neuropsychiatria. Przegląd Kliniczny 2011; 3(2): 52-58.
19. Cipriani A, Rendell J, Geddes JR. Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta- analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 1729-1738.
20. Goedhard LE, Stolker JJ, Heerdink ER et al. Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of aggressive behavior in general adult psychiatry: A systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 1013-1024.
21. Huband N, Ferriter M, Nathan R, Jones H. Antiepileptics for aggression and associated impulsivity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2: CD003499.
22. DSM-IV-TR. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association 2000, Washington DC.
23. Schwarz C, Volz A, Li C, Leucht S. Valproate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 3: CD004028.
24. Lonergan E, Luxenberg J. Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3: CD003945.
25. Sival RC, Duivenvoorden HJ, Jansen PA et al. Sodium valproate in aggressive behaviour in dementia: a twelve-week open label follow-up study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19: 305-312.
26. Minozzi S, Amato L, Davoli M et al. Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (2): CD006754.
27. Brown ES. Management of comorbid bipolar disorder and substance abuse. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(8): e05.
28. Hillbom M, Tokola R, Kuusela V et al. Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with carbamazepine and valproic acid. Alcohol 1989; 6: 223-226.
29. Lieb K, Vollm B, Rucker G et al. Pharmacotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Cochrane systematic review of randomized trials. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 4-12.
30. Davis LL, Kabel D, Patel D et al. Valproate as an antidepressant in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 647-652.
31. Kemp LI. Sodium valproate as an antidepressant. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 121-123.
32. Adamou M, Puchalska S, Plummer W, Hale AS. Valproate in the treatment of PTSD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 1285-1291.
33. Alabed S, Latifeh Y, Mohammad HA, Rifai A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 4: CD000203.
34. Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP. Anticonvulsants in migraine prophylaxis: a Cochrane review. Cephalalgia 2008; 28(6): 585-597.
35. Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA. Valproic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10: CD009183.
36. Qing H, He G, Ly PTT et al. Valproic acid inhibits Aβ production, neuritic plaque formation, and behavioral deficits in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 2781-2789.
37. Łoza B. Kwas walproinowy: nowe badania farmakologiczne i potencjalnie nowe wskazania terapeutyczne. Neuropsychiatria. Przegląd Kliniczny 2010; 2(4): 167-170.
38. Allen MH, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ et al. Linear relationship of valproate serum concentration to response and optimal serum levels for acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163: 272-275.
39. Food and Drug Administration. Online: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm.
40. Leng Y, Liang MH, Ren M et al. Synergistic neuroprotective effects of lithium and valproic acid or other histone deacetylase inhibitors in neurons: roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 2576-2588.
41. Hassel B, Iversen EG, Gjerstad L, Taubol E. Up-regulation of hippocampal glutamate transport during chronic treatment with sodium valproate. J Neurochem 2001; 77: 1285-1292.
42. Ito K. Valproate blocks a high dose of methamphetamine-induced apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex and accompanied neuroplastic PPI deficit. 18th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology/38th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology, P2-E2, 2008.
43. Nuutinen T, Suuronen T, Kauppinen A, Salminen A. Valproic acid stimulates clusterin expression in human astrocytes: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Letters 2010; 475: 64-68.
44. Zhang XZ, Li XJ, Zhang HY. Valproic acid as a promising agent to combat Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Research Bulletin 2010; 81: 3-6.
45. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1313-1317.
46. Liu A, Han YR, Li J et al. The glial or neuronal fate choice of oligodendrocyte progenitors is modulated by their ability to acquire an epigenetic memory. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 7339-7343.
47. Laeng P, Pitts RL, Lemire AL. et al. The mood stabilizer valproic acid stimulates GABA neurogenesis from rat forebrain stem cells. J Neurochem 2004; 91: 238-251.
48. Fischer A, Sananbenesi F, Wang X et al. Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodeling. Nature 2007; 447: 178-182.
49. Tariot PN, Loy R, Ryan JM et al. Mood stabilizers in Alzheimer’s disease: symptomatic and neuroprotective rationales. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 1567-1577.
50. Hao Y, Creson T, Zhang L et al. Mood stabilizer valproate promotes ERK pathway-dependent cortical neuronal growth and neurogenesis. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 6590-6599.
51. Urząd Rejestracji Produktów Leczniczych, Wyrobów Medycznych i Produktów Biobójczych. Online: http://www.urpl.gov.pl/.
52. Meador K, Reynolds MW, Crean S et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published pregnancy registries and cohorts. Epilepsy Res 2008; 81(1): 1-13.
53. Aurlien D, Larsen J P, Gjerstad L, Taubøll E. Increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in females using lamotrigine: A nested, case-control study. Epilepsia 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03334.x.