Zaburzenia psychiczne w obrazie funkcjonalnego rezonansu magnetycznego Artykuł przeglądowy
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Opublikowane:
mar 31, 2014
Słowa kluczowe:
fMRI, neuroobrazowanie, zaburzenia psychiczne
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Abstrakt
Wraz z wprowadzeniem czynnościowego rezonansu magnetycznego (fMRI) możliwa stała się nieznana wcześniej ocena aktywności ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Ocena, nie tylko strukturalna, ale także powiązana z nią czynnościowa, pozwala na lepszą analizę zaburzeń. Niniejsza praca ma na celu zaprezentować Czytelnikowi najnowsze dokonania z zakresu diagnostyki funkcjonalnej rezonansu w psychiatrii. Autorzy przeprowadzili analizę i syntezę ustaleń płynących z prac badawczych na ten temat.
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Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. License allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
Bibliografia
1. Amaro E Jr, Barker GJ. Study design in fMRI: basic principles. Brain Cogn 2006; 60(3): 220-32.
2. Logothetis NK. What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature 2008; 453(7197): 869-78.
3. Polikowska M, Łoza B, Bednarski P. Wpływ terapii środkami przeciwdepresyjnymi i przeciwpsychotycznymi na neuroplastyczność OUN. Neuropsychiatria. Przegląd Kliniczny 2011; 3(1): 151-154.
4. Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57(11): 1033-8.
5. Simons CJ, Tracy DK, Sanghera KK, O’Daly O, Gilleen J, Dominguez MD, Krabbendam L, Shergill SS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of inner speech in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67(3): 232-7.
6. Shergill SS, Bullmore E, Simmons A, Murray R, McGuire P. Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(10): 1691-3.
7. Woodruff PW, Wright IC, Bullmore ET, Brammer M, Howard RJ, Williams SC, Shapleske J, Rossell S, David AS, McGuire PK, Murray RM. Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(12): 1676-82.
8. Hoffman RE, Hampson M. Functional connectivity studies of patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6: 6.
9. Hoffman RE, Fernandez T, Pittman B, Hampson M. Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69(5): 407-14.
10. Sanjuan J, Lull JJ, Aguilar EJ, Martí-Bonmatí L, Moratal D, Gonzalez JC, Robles M, Keshavan MS. Emotional words induce enhanced brain activity in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Psychiatry Res 2007; 154(1): 21-9.
11. Escartí MJ, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, Martí-Bonmatí L, Robles M, Carbonell J, Lull JJ, García-Martí G, Manjón JV, Aguilar EJ, Aleman A, Sanjuán J. Increased amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus activation in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations: an fMRI study using independent component analysis. Schizophr Res 2010; 117(1): 31-41.
12. Lakis N, Mendrek A. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia assign emotional importance to neutral stimuli: an FMRI study. ISRN Psychiatry 2013; 2013: 965428.
13. Kircher TT, Liddle PF, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: preliminary findings from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(8): 769-74.
14. Fitzgerald PB, Srithiran A, Benitez J, Daskalakis ZZ, Oxley TJ, Kulkarni J, Egan GF. An fMRI study of prefrontal brain activation during multiple tasks in patients with major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2008; 29(4): 490-501.
15. Matsuo K, Glahn DC, Peluso MA, Hatch JP, Monkul ES, Najt P, Sanches M, Zamarripa F, Li J, Lancaster JL, Fox PT, Gao JH, Soares JC. Prefrontal hyperactivation during working memory task in untreated individuals with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12(2): 158-66.
16. Wagner G, Sinsel E, Sobanski T, Köhler S, Marinou V, Mentzel HJ, Sauer H, Schlösser RG. Cortical inefficiency in patients with unipolar depression: an event-related FMRI study with the Stroop task. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59(10): 958-65.
17. Schöning S, Zwitserlood P, Engelien A, Behnken A, Kugel H, Schiffbauer H, Lipina K, Pachur C, Kersting A, Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Zwanzger P, Reker T, Heindel W, Arolt V, Konrad C. Working-memory fMRI reveals cingulate hyperactivation in euthymic major depression. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30(9): 2746-56.
18. Li D, Huang X, Wu Q, Zou K, Sun X, Gong Q. Brain functions in major depressive disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2010; 27(1): 16-9.
19. Guo W, Liu F, Xue Z, Gao K, Liu Z, Xiao C, Chen H, Zhao J. Abnormal resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in treatment-resistant depression and treatment sensitive depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44: 51-7.
20. Delvecchio G, Fossati P, Boyer P, Brambilla P, Falkai P, Gruber O, Hietala J, Lawrie SM, Martinot JL, McIntosh AM, Meisenzahl E, Frangou S. Common and distinct neural correlates of emotional processing in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22(2): 100-13.
21. Liu CH, Ma X, Li F, Wang YJ, Tie CL, Li SF, Chen TL, Fan TT, Zhang Y, Dong J, Yao L, Wu X, Wang CY. Regional homogeneity within the default mode network in bipolar depression: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 2012; 7(11): e48181.
22. Blumberg HP, Leung HC, Skudlarski P, Lacadie CM, Fredericks CA, Harris BC, Charney DS, Gore JC, Krystal JH, Peterson BS. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: state- and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(6): 601-9.
23. Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Holland SK, Mills NP, DelBello MP, Eliassen JC. Abnormal FMRI brain activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a counting Stroop interference task. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(9): 1697-705.
24. Kaladjian A, Jeanningros R, Azorin JM, Nazarian B, Roth M, Mazzola-Pomietto P. Reduced brain activation in euthymic bipolar patients during response inhibition: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173(1): 45-51.
25. Altshuler L, Bookheimer S, Proenza MA, Townsend J, Sabb F, Firestine A, Bartzokis G, Mintz J, Mazziotta J, Cohen MS. Increased amygdala activation during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(6): 1211-3.
26. Altshuler LL, Bookheimer SY, Townsend J, Proenza MA, Eisenberger N, Sabb F, Mintz J, Cohen MS. Blunted activation in orbitofrontal cortex during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58(10): 763-9.
27. Townsend J, Bookheimer SY, Foland-Ross LC, Sugar CA, Altshuler LL. fMRI abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task in manic, euthymic and depressed bipolar subjects. Psychiatry Res 2010; 182(1): 22-9.
28. Nakao T, Sanematsu H, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Murayama K, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Kanba S. fMRI of patients with social anxiety disorder during a social situation task. Neurosci Res 2011; 69(1): 67-72.
29. Hattingh CJ, Ipser J, Tromp SA, Syal S, Lochner C, Brooks SJ, Stein DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder: an activation likelihood meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 6: 347.
30. Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME. Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59(5): 424-9.
31. Sladky R, Höflich A, Küblböck M, Kraus C, Baldinger P, Moser E, Lanzenberger R, Windischberger C. Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Social Anxiety Disorder During Emotion Discrimination Revealed by Dynamic Causal Modeling for fMRI. Cereb Cortex 2015 Apr;25(4):895-903.
32. Etkin A, Schatzberg AF. Common abnormalities and disorderspecific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168(9): 968-78.
33. Britton JC, Grillon C, Lissek S, Norcross MA, Szuhany KL, Chen G, Ernst M, Nelson EE, Leibenluft E, Shechner T, Pine DS. Response to learned threat: An FMRI study in adolescent and adult anxiety. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170(10): 1195-204.
34. Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Boksman K, Densmore M, Gupta M, Neufeld RW, Gati JS, Menon RS. Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52(4): 305-11.
35. Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Hopper J, Densmore M, Boksman K, Gupta MA, Neufeld RW, Gati JS, Menon RS. Recall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI investigation. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53(3): 204-10.
36. Shin LM, Whalen PJ, Pitman RK, Bush G, Macklin ML, Lasko NB, Orr SP, McInerney SC, Rauch SL. An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(12): 932-42.
37. Breiter HC, Rauch SL, Kwong KK, Baker JR, Weisskoff RM, Kennedy DN, Kendrick AD, Davis TL, Jiang A, Cohen MS, Stern CE, Belliveau JW, Baer L, O’Sullivan RL, Savage CR, Jenike MA, Rosen BR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53(7): 595-606.
38. Nakao T, Nakagawa A, Nakatani E, Nabeyama M, Sanematsu H, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Yoshioka K, Kuroki T, Kanba S. Working memory dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a neuropsychological and functional MRI study. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(8): 784-91.
39. Minzenberg MJ, Fan J, New AS, Tang CY, Siever LJ. Fronto-limbic dysfunction in response to facial emotion in borderline personality disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 2007; 155(3): 231-43.
40. Guitart-Masip M, Pascual JC, Carmona S, Hoekzema E, Bergé D, Pérez V, Soler J, Soliva JC, Rovira M, Bulbena A, Vilarroya O. Neural correlates of impaired emotional discrimination in borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33(8): 1537-45.
41. Jacob GA, Zvonik K, Kamphausen S, Sebastian A, Maier S, Philipsen A, Tebartz van Elst L, Lieb K, Tüscher O. Emotional modulation of motor response inhibition in women with borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38(3): 164-72.
42. Schnell K, Dietrich T, Schnitker R, Daumann J, Herpertz SC. Processing of autobiographical memory retrieval cues in borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord 2007; 97(1-3): 253-9.
43. Beblo T, Driessen M, Mertens M, Wingenfeld K, Piefke M, Rullkoetter N, Silva-Saavedra A, Mensebach C, Reddemann L, Rau H, Markowitsch HJ, Wulff H, Lange W, Berea C, Ollech I, Woermann FG. Functional MRI correlates of the recall of unresolved life events in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2006; 36(6): 845-56.
44. Völlm B, Richardson P, Stirling J, Elliott R, Dolan M, Chaudhry I, Del Ben C, McKie S, Anderson I, Deakin B. Neurobiological substrates of antisocial and borderline personality disorder: preliminary results of a functional fMRI study. Crim Behav Ment Health 2004; 14(1): 39-54.
45. Völlm B, Richardson P, McKie S, Elliott R, Dolan M, Deakin B. Neuronal correlates of reward and loss in Cluster B personality disorders: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2007; 156(2): 151-67.
46. Tang Y, Liu W, Chen J, Liao J, Hu D, Wang W. Altered spontaneous activity in antisocial personality disorder revealed by regional homogeneity. Neuroreport 2013; 24(11): 590-5.
2. Logothetis NK. What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature 2008; 453(7197): 869-78.
3. Polikowska M, Łoza B, Bednarski P. Wpływ terapii środkami przeciwdepresyjnymi i przeciwpsychotycznymi na neuroplastyczność OUN. Neuropsychiatria. Przegląd Kliniczny 2011; 3(1): 151-154.
4. Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57(11): 1033-8.
5. Simons CJ, Tracy DK, Sanghera KK, O’Daly O, Gilleen J, Dominguez MD, Krabbendam L, Shergill SS. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of inner speech in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67(3): 232-7.
6. Shergill SS, Bullmore E, Simmons A, Murray R, McGuire P. Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(10): 1691-3.
7. Woodruff PW, Wright IC, Bullmore ET, Brammer M, Howard RJ, Williams SC, Shapleske J, Rossell S, David AS, McGuire PK, Murray RM. Auditory hallucinations and the temporal cortical response to speech in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154(12): 1676-82.
8. Hoffman RE, Hampson M. Functional connectivity studies of patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6: 6.
9. Hoffman RE, Fernandez T, Pittman B, Hampson M. Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69(5): 407-14.
10. Sanjuan J, Lull JJ, Aguilar EJ, Martí-Bonmatí L, Moratal D, Gonzalez JC, Robles M, Keshavan MS. Emotional words induce enhanced brain activity in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations. Psychiatry Res 2007; 154(1): 21-9.
11. Escartí MJ, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, Martí-Bonmatí L, Robles M, Carbonell J, Lull JJ, García-Martí G, Manjón JV, Aguilar EJ, Aleman A, Sanjuán J. Increased amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus activation in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations: an fMRI study using independent component analysis. Schizophr Res 2010; 117(1): 31-41.
12. Lakis N, Mendrek A. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia assign emotional importance to neutral stimuli: an FMRI study. ISRN Psychiatry 2013; 2013: 965428.
13. Kircher TT, Liddle PF, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: preliminary findings from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(8): 769-74.
14. Fitzgerald PB, Srithiran A, Benitez J, Daskalakis ZZ, Oxley TJ, Kulkarni J, Egan GF. An fMRI study of prefrontal brain activation during multiple tasks in patients with major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2008; 29(4): 490-501.
15. Matsuo K, Glahn DC, Peluso MA, Hatch JP, Monkul ES, Najt P, Sanches M, Zamarripa F, Li J, Lancaster JL, Fox PT, Gao JH, Soares JC. Prefrontal hyperactivation during working memory task in untreated individuals with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12(2): 158-66.
16. Wagner G, Sinsel E, Sobanski T, Köhler S, Marinou V, Mentzel HJ, Sauer H, Schlösser RG. Cortical inefficiency in patients with unipolar depression: an event-related FMRI study with the Stroop task. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59(10): 958-65.
17. Schöning S, Zwitserlood P, Engelien A, Behnken A, Kugel H, Schiffbauer H, Lipina K, Pachur C, Kersting A, Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Zwanzger P, Reker T, Heindel W, Arolt V, Konrad C. Working-memory fMRI reveals cingulate hyperactivation in euthymic major depression. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30(9): 2746-56.
18. Li D, Huang X, Wu Q, Zou K, Sun X, Gong Q. Brain functions in major depressive disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2010; 27(1): 16-9.
19. Guo W, Liu F, Xue Z, Gao K, Liu Z, Xiao C, Chen H, Zhao J. Abnormal resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in treatment-resistant depression and treatment sensitive depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44: 51-7.
20. Delvecchio G, Fossati P, Boyer P, Brambilla P, Falkai P, Gruber O, Hietala J, Lawrie SM, Martinot JL, McIntosh AM, Meisenzahl E, Frangou S. Common and distinct neural correlates of emotional processing in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22(2): 100-13.
21. Liu CH, Ma X, Li F, Wang YJ, Tie CL, Li SF, Chen TL, Fan TT, Zhang Y, Dong J, Yao L, Wu X, Wang CY. Regional homogeneity within the default mode network in bipolar depression: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 2012; 7(11): e48181.
22. Blumberg HP, Leung HC, Skudlarski P, Lacadie CM, Fredericks CA, Harris BC, Charney DS, Gore JC, Krystal JH, Peterson BS. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: state- and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60(6): 601-9.
23. Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Holland SK, Mills NP, DelBello MP, Eliassen JC. Abnormal FMRI brain activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a counting Stroop interference task. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(9): 1697-705.
24. Kaladjian A, Jeanningros R, Azorin JM, Nazarian B, Roth M, Mazzola-Pomietto P. Reduced brain activation in euthymic bipolar patients during response inhibition: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 2009; 173(1): 45-51.
25. Altshuler L, Bookheimer S, Proenza MA, Townsend J, Sabb F, Firestine A, Bartzokis G, Mintz J, Mazziotta J, Cohen MS. Increased amygdala activation during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(6): 1211-3.
26. Altshuler LL, Bookheimer SY, Townsend J, Proenza MA, Eisenberger N, Sabb F, Mintz J, Cohen MS. Blunted activation in orbitofrontal cortex during mania: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58(10): 763-9.
27. Townsend J, Bookheimer SY, Foland-Ross LC, Sugar CA, Altshuler LL. fMRI abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a working memory task in manic, euthymic and depressed bipolar subjects. Psychiatry Res 2010; 182(1): 22-9.
28. Nakao T, Sanematsu H, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Murayama K, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Kanba S. fMRI of patients with social anxiety disorder during a social situation task. Neurosci Res 2011; 69(1): 67-72.
29. Hattingh CJ, Ipser J, Tromp SA, Syal S, Lochner C, Brooks SJ, Stein DJ. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder: an activation likelihood meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 6: 347.
30. Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME. Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59(5): 424-9.
31. Sladky R, Höflich A, Küblböck M, Kraus C, Baldinger P, Moser E, Lanzenberger R, Windischberger C. Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Social Anxiety Disorder During Emotion Discrimination Revealed by Dynamic Causal Modeling for fMRI. Cereb Cortex 2015 Apr;25(4):895-903.
32. Etkin A, Schatzberg AF. Common abnormalities and disorderspecific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168(9): 968-78.
33. Britton JC, Grillon C, Lissek S, Norcross MA, Szuhany KL, Chen G, Ernst M, Nelson EE, Leibenluft E, Shechner T, Pine DS. Response to learned threat: An FMRI study in adolescent and adult anxiety. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170(10): 1195-204.
34. Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Boksman K, Densmore M, Gupta M, Neufeld RW, Gati JS, Menon RS. Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52(4): 305-11.
35. Lanius RA, Williamson PC, Hopper J, Densmore M, Boksman K, Gupta MA, Neufeld RW, Gati JS, Menon RS. Recall of emotional states in posttraumatic stress disorder: an fMRI investigation. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53(3): 204-10.
36. Shin LM, Whalen PJ, Pitman RK, Bush G, Macklin ML, Lasko NB, Orr SP, McInerney SC, Rauch SL. An fMRI study of anterior cingulate function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(12): 932-42.
37. Breiter HC, Rauch SL, Kwong KK, Baker JR, Weisskoff RM, Kennedy DN, Kendrick AD, Davis TL, Jiang A, Cohen MS, Stern CE, Belliveau JW, Baer L, O’Sullivan RL, Savage CR, Jenike MA, Rosen BR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53(7): 595-606.
38. Nakao T, Nakagawa A, Nakatani E, Nabeyama M, Sanematsu H, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Yoshioka K, Kuroki T, Kanba S. Working memory dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a neuropsychological and functional MRI study. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43(8): 784-91.
39. Minzenberg MJ, Fan J, New AS, Tang CY, Siever LJ. Fronto-limbic dysfunction in response to facial emotion in borderline personality disorder: an event-related fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 2007; 155(3): 231-43.
40. Guitart-Masip M, Pascual JC, Carmona S, Hoekzema E, Bergé D, Pérez V, Soler J, Soliva JC, Rovira M, Bulbena A, Vilarroya O. Neural correlates of impaired emotional discrimination in borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33(8): 1537-45.
41. Jacob GA, Zvonik K, Kamphausen S, Sebastian A, Maier S, Philipsen A, Tebartz van Elst L, Lieb K, Tüscher O. Emotional modulation of motor response inhibition in women with borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38(3): 164-72.
42. Schnell K, Dietrich T, Schnitker R, Daumann J, Herpertz SC. Processing of autobiographical memory retrieval cues in borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord 2007; 97(1-3): 253-9.
43. Beblo T, Driessen M, Mertens M, Wingenfeld K, Piefke M, Rullkoetter N, Silva-Saavedra A, Mensebach C, Reddemann L, Rau H, Markowitsch HJ, Wulff H, Lange W, Berea C, Ollech I, Woermann FG. Functional MRI correlates of the recall of unresolved life events in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2006; 36(6): 845-56.
44. Völlm B, Richardson P, Stirling J, Elliott R, Dolan M, Chaudhry I, Del Ben C, McKie S, Anderson I, Deakin B. Neurobiological substrates of antisocial and borderline personality disorder: preliminary results of a functional fMRI study. Crim Behav Ment Health 2004; 14(1): 39-54.
45. Völlm B, Richardson P, McKie S, Elliott R, Dolan M, Deakin B. Neuronal correlates of reward and loss in Cluster B personality disorders: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2007; 156(2): 151-67.
46. Tang Y, Liu W, Chen J, Liao J, Hu D, Wang W. Altered spontaneous activity in antisocial personality disorder revealed by regional homogeneity. Neuroreport 2013; 24(11): 590-5.