Demodicosis – pathophysiology, treatment and therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole ointment and mercury oxide ointment
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Published:
Jun 30, 2014
Keywords:
Demodex, demodicasis, metronizadole, mercury oxide
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Abstract
Two species known to infest humans are Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. Infestation by Demodex sp. is known as demodicosis. Demodicosis is currently typically managed with a metronidazole ointment, mercury oxide ointment, essential oils, ivermectin or Infectosab (permethrinum 5%). The aim of the study was to efficacy of mercury oxide ointment and metronidazole ointment in the treatment of patients with demodicosis. The therapeutic efficacy of mercury oxide ointment was tested in 49 patients and metronidazole ointment in 42 patients. Material for this study were eyelashes collected from patients. Treatment was considered effective when patient on the first or subsequent control visit did not have any Demodex mites in eyelashes. The efficacy of mercury oxide ointment and metronidazole ointment was demonstrated in 37% and 10% of cases, respectively.
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Sędzikowska A. Demodicosis – pathophysiology, treatment and therapeutic efficacy of metronidazole ointment and mercury oxide ointment. Ophthatherapy [Internet]. 2014Jun.30 [cited 2024Jul.3];1(2):108-13. Available from: https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/ophthatherapy/article/view/678
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References
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9. Norn MS. Demodex folliculorum. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972; 56: 140.
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19. Krajewska M, Wasyluk J, Sędzikowska A et al. Ocena skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa preparatów Demoxoft Lipożel i Demoxoft stosowanych u chorych na nużeńcowe zapalenie brzegów powiek – wyniki wstępne. Okulistyka. 2013; wydanie specjalne październik: 9-11.
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22. Kocak M, Yagli S, Vahapoglu G et al. Permethrin 5% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Dermatology. 2002; 205(3): 265-70.
23. Cielecka D, Salamatin R, Garbacewicz A. Usage of the Hoyer‘s medium for diagnostics and morphological studies of some parasites. Wiad Parazytol. 2009; 55(3): 265-70.
24. Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR. Infectious Diseases. Wyd. 3. Wydawnictwo Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2003: 269-72.
25. Surber C, Elsner P, Farage MA. Topical Applications and the Mucosa. Wydawnictwo Karger Publishers, 2011: 38.
26. Schaller M, Sander CA, Plewig G. Demodex abscesses: clinical and therapeutic challenges. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49(5): 272-4.
27. Cockerell CJ, Calame A. Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease. Manson Publishing, 2012: 76-7.
28. Persi A, Rebora A. Metronidazole and Demodex folliculorum. Acta Derm Venereol. 1981; 61(2): 182-3.
29. Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Burmeister V. Unilateral demodectic rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 20(5 Pt 2): 915-7.
30. Rodriguez AE, Ferrer C, Alió JL. Chronic blepharitis and Demodex. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2005; 80(11): 635-42.
31. Fulk GW, Clifford C. A case report of demodicosis. J Am Optom Assoc. 1990; 61(8): 637-9.
32. Demmler M, de Kaspar HM, Möhring C et al. Blepharitis. Demodex folliculorum, associated pathogen spectrum and specific therapy. Ophthalmologe. 1997; 94(3): 191-6.
33. Anane S, Mokni M, Beltaief O. Rosacea-like demodicidosis and chronic blepharitis. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2011; 138(1): 30-4.
2. Wesołowska M, Baran W, Szepietowski J et al. Demodekoza u ludzi jako aktualny problem w dermatologii. Wiad Parazytol. 2005; 51(3): 253-56.
3. Jansen T, Bechara FG, Stücker M et al. Demodicidosis of the nipple. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005; 85(2): 186-7.
4. Liu J, Sheha H, Tseng SC. Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis. Curr Opin in Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 10(5): 505-10.
5. Czepita D, Kuźna-Grygiel W, Czepita M et al. Demodex folliculorum i Demodex brevis jako przyczyna przewlekłego zapalenia brzegów powiek. Roczniki Polskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie. 2007; 53(1): 63-67.
6. Prokopowicz D. Choroby przenoszone przez kleszcze: Nużyca. Wydawnictwo Fundacji Buchnera, Warszawa 1995; 207-12.
7. Bonnar E, Eustace P, Powell FC. The Demodex mite population in rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993; 28: 443-8.
8. Akilov OE, Butov YS, Mumcuoglu KY. A clinico-pathological approach to the classification of human demodicosis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2005; 3(8): 607-14.
9. Norn MS. Demodex folliculorum. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972; 56: 140.
10. Vollmer RT. Demodex-associated folliculitis. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996; 18(6): 589-91.
11. Erbagci Z, Erbagci I, Erkilic S. High incidence of demodicidosis in eyelid basal cell carcinomas. Int J Dermatol. 2003; 42(7): 567-71.
12. Ezra DG, Beaconsfield M, Collin R. Floppy eyelid syndrome: stretching the limits. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010; 55(1): 35-46.
13. Kheirkhah A, Casas V, Li W et al. Corneal manifestations of ocular Demodex infestation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007; 143(5): 743-9.
14. Szkaradkiewicz A, Chudzicka-Strugała I, Karpiński TM et al. Bacillus oleronius and Demodex mite infestation in patients with chronic blepharitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18(10): 1020-5.
15. Robak E, Kulczycka L. Trądzik różowaty – współczesne poglądy na patomechanizm i terapię. Postępy Hig Med Dośw. 2010; 64: 439-50.
16. Junk AK, Lukacs A, Kampik A. Topical administration of metronidazole gel as an effective therapy alternative in chronic Demodex blepharitis – a case report. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1998; 213(1): 48-50.
17. Gao Y.Y., Di Pascuale M.A., Li W et al. In vitro and in vivo killing of ocular Demodex by tea tree oil. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005; 89(11): 1468-73.
18. Gao YY, Xu DL, Huang lJ et al. Treatment of ocular itching associated with ocular demodicosis by 5% tea tree oil ointment. Cornea. 2012; 31(1): 14-7.
19. Krajewska M, Wasyluk J, Sędzikowska A et al. Ocena skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa preparatów Demoxoft Lipożel i Demoxoft stosowanych u chorych na nużeńcowe zapalenie brzegów powiek – wyniki wstępne. Okulistyka. 2013; wydanie specjalne październik: 9-11.
20. Dourmishev AL, Dourmishev LA, Schwartz RA. Ivermectin: pharmacology and application in dermatology. Int J Dermatol. 2005; 44(12): 981-8.
21. Salem DA, El-Shazly A, Nabih N et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of oral ivermectin in comparison with ivermectin-metronidazole combined therapy in the treatment of ocular and skin lesions of Demodex folliculorum. Int J Infect Dis. 2013; e1-e5.
22. Kocak M, Yagli S, Vahapoglu G et al. Permethrin 5% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Dermatology. 2002; 205(3): 265-70.
23. Cielecka D, Salamatin R, Garbacewicz A. Usage of the Hoyer‘s medium for diagnostics and morphological studies of some parasites. Wiad Parazytol. 2009; 55(3): 265-70.
24. Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR. Infectious Diseases. Wyd. 3. Wydawnictwo Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2003: 269-72.
25. Surber C, Elsner P, Farage MA. Topical Applications and the Mucosa. Wydawnictwo Karger Publishers, 2011: 38.
26. Schaller M, Sander CA, Plewig G. Demodex abscesses: clinical and therapeutic challenges. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003; 49(5): 272-4.
27. Cockerell CJ, Calame A. Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease. Manson Publishing, 2012: 76-7.
28. Persi A, Rebora A. Metronidazole and Demodex folliculorum. Acta Derm Venereol. 1981; 61(2): 182-3.
29. Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Burmeister V. Unilateral demodectic rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 20(5 Pt 2): 915-7.
30. Rodriguez AE, Ferrer C, Alió JL. Chronic blepharitis and Demodex. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2005; 80(11): 635-42.
31. Fulk GW, Clifford C. A case report of demodicosis. J Am Optom Assoc. 1990; 61(8): 637-9.
32. Demmler M, de Kaspar HM, Möhring C et al. Blepharitis. Demodex folliculorum, associated pathogen spectrum and specific therapy. Ophthalmologe. 1997; 94(3): 191-6.
33. Anane S, Mokni M, Beltaief O. Rosacea-like demodicidosis and chronic blepharitis. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2011; 138(1): 30-4.