Management of ocular surface disorders according to the guidelines of the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop (DEWSII) Report Review article
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Published:
Sep 30, 2024
Keywords:
ocular surface disease, dry eye, DEWS II, Meibomian gland disfunction
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Abstract
Ocular surface disorders, including dry eye disease, affect 5–50% of the population, with prevalence increasing with age, especially among women. Symptoms such as dryness, burning, and eye fatigue significantly reduce quality of life. The tear film consists of aqueous-mucin and lipid fractions, providing protection and hydration for the eye. Meibomian gland dysfunction, which disrupts the lipid layer, accounts for most cases of dry eye disease by causing excessive tear evaporation. A modern approach to ocular surface disorder therapy, combining pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and advanced technologies, may relieve daily chronic eye pain.
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1.
Woźniak PA, Krzywicki P, Szaflik M. Management of ocular surface disorders according to the guidelines of the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop (DEWSII) Report. Ophthatherapy [Internet]. 2024Sep.30 [cited 2025Jan.21];11(3):267-76. Available from: https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/ophthatherapy/article/view/3205
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Conservative treatment
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. License allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
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2. Craig JP, Willcox MD, Argüeso P et al.; members of TFOS International Workshop on Contact Lens Discomfort. The TFOS International Workshop on Contact Lens Discomfort: report of the contact lens interactions with the tear film subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013; 54(11): TFOS123-56.
3. Belmonte C, Nichols JJ, Cox SM et al. TFOS DEWS II pain and sensation report. Ocul Surf. 2017; 15(3): 404-37.
4. Javadi MA, Feizi S. Dry eye syndrome. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2011; 6(3): 192-8.
5. The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007; 5(2): 93-107.
6. Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY et al. TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. Ocul Surf. 2017; 15(3): 334-65.
7. Malet F, Le Goff M, Colin J et al. Dry eye disease in French elderly subjects: the Alienor Study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014; 92(6): e429-36.
8. Ahn JM, Lee SH, Rim TH et al.; Epidemiologic Survey Committee of the Korean Ophthalmological Society. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with dry eye: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 158(6): 1205-14.e7.
9. Viso E, Rodriguez-Ares MT, Gude F. Prevalence of and associated factors for dry eye in a Spanish adult population (the Salnes Eye Study). Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2009; 16(1): 15-21.
10. Tan LL, Morgan P, Cai ZQ et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for symptomatic dry eye disease in Singapore. Clin Exp Optom. 2015; 98(1): 45-53.
11. Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Kheirkhah A et al. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome in an adult population. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014; 42(3): 242-8.
12. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ et al. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011; 152(3): 377-84.e2.
13. Paulsen AJ, Cruickshanks KJ, Fischer ME et al. Dry eye in the beaver dam offspring study: prevalence, risk factors, and health-related quality of life. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 157(4): 799-806.
14. Ambroziak AM. Stanowisko Polskiej Grupy Ekspertów Akademii Powierzchni Oka. Wydanie pierwsze. Medical Education, Warszawa 2017.
15. Azkargorta M, Soria J, Ojeda C et al. Human Basal Tear Peptidome Characterization by CID, HCD, and ETD Followed by in Silico and in Vitro Analyses for Antimicrobial Peptide Identification. J Proteome Res. 2015; 14(6): 2649-58.
16. Zhou L, Beuerman RW. The power of tears: how tear proteomics research could revolutionize the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics. 2017; 14(3): 189-91.
17. Zhou L, Zhao SZ, Koh SK et al. In-depth analysis of the human tear proteome. J Proteomics. 2012; 75(13): 3877-85.
18. Benjamin WJ, Borish IM. Borish’s Clinical Refraction. Saunders, Philadelphia 1998: 2-29.
19. Altman PL, Dittmer DS. Man. Biology Data Book, in Physical properties and chemical composition of tears. Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology, Maryland 1974: 2032-40.
20. Norn MS. Tear fluid pH in normals, contact lens wearers, and pathological cases. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1988; 66(5): 485-9.
21. Fischer FH, Wiederholt M. Human precorneal tear film pH measured by microelectrodes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1982; 218(3): 168-70.
22. McCarey BE, Wilson LA. pH, osmolarity and temperature effects on the water content of hydrogel contact lenses. Contact Intraocul Lens Med J. 1982; 8(3): 158-67.
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