Optic disc swelling in the paediatric population Review article
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Published:
Jun 30, 2022
Keywords:
Optic disc swelling, papilloedema, optic neuritis, pseudopapilloedema
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Abstract
Swelling of the optic disc may result from inflammation, infiltration, optic nerve compression or ischaemia, as well as increased intracranial pressure. It can be imitated by local structural features of the optic disc leading to pseudopapilloedema. Disease entities leading to optic disc swelling can take different courses in the paediatric population compared to the adult population. Investigations used to confirm diagnosis include optical coherence tomography (OCT), ocular ultrasound, fluorescein angiography, visual evoked potentials (VEP), and imaging studies of head and orbits.
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1.
Chrobak A, Burza-Grycz S, Samsel A. Optic disc swelling in the paediatric population. Ophthatherapy [Internet]. 2022Jun.30 [cited 2024Dec.22];9(2):126-32. Available from: https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/ophthatherapy/article/view/1796
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Conservative treatment
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Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
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34. Loukianou E, Kisma N, Pal B. Evolution of an Astrocytic Hamartoma of the Optic Nerve Head in a Patient with Retinitis Pigmentosa – Photographic Documentation over 2 Years of Follow-Up. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2011; 2(1): 45-9.
2. Bowling B. Kanski Okulistyka kliniczna. Szaflik J, Izdebska J (ed). Edra Urban & Partner, Wrocław 2017.
3. Liu GT, Volpe NJ, Galetta SL (ed). Liu, Volpe, and Galetta’s Neuro-Ophthalmology Diagnosis and Management. 3rd edition. Elsevier, 2019.
4. Orłowski W. Okulistyka współczesna. Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, Warszawa 1977.
5. Basic and Clinical Science Course 2016-2017, American Academy of Ophthalmology Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2016.
6. Taylor and Hoyt’s Pediatric Opthalmology and Strabismus. 5th edition. Elsevier, 2017.
7. McCafferty B, McClelland CM, Lee MS. The diagnostic challenge of evaluating papilledema in the pediatric patient. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2017; 7(1): 15-21.
8. Thompson AC, Bhatti MT, El-Dairi MA. Bruch’s membrane opening on optical coherence tomography in pediatric papilledema and pseudopapilledema. J AAPOS. 2018; 22(1): 38-43.e3.
9. Fryczkowski P. Ultrasonografia gałki ocznej. 1st edition. Górnicki Wydawnictwo Medyczne, Wrocław 2018.
10. Carter SB, Pistilli M, Livingston KG et al. The role of orbital ultrasonography in distinguishing papilledema from pseudopapilledema. Eye (Lond). 2014; 28(12): 1425-30.
11. Barmherzig R, Szperka CL. Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome in Children. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019; 23(8): 58.
12. Sheldon CA, Paley GL, Beres SJ et al. Pediatric Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome: Diagnosis, Classification, and Underlying Pathophysiology. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2017; 24(2): 110-5.
13. Rogers DL. A Review of Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014; 61(3): 579-90.
14. Waldman AT, Stull LB, Galetta SL et al. Pediatric optic neuritis and risk of multiple sclerosis: meta-analysis of observational studies. J AAPOS. 2011; 15(5): 441-6.
15. Borchert M, Liu GT, Pineles S et al. Pediatric Optic Neuritis: What Is New. J Neuroophthalmol. 2017; 37(suppl 1): S14-22.
16. Yeh EA, Graves JS, Benson LA et al. Pediatric optic neuritis. Neurology. 2016; 87(9 suppl 2): S53-8.
17. Purvin V, Sundaram S, Kawasaki A. Neuroretinitis: review of the literature and new observations. J Neuroophthalmol. 2011; 31(1): 58-68.
18. Kahloun R, Abroug N, Ksiaa I et al. Infectious optic neuropathies: a clinical update. Eye Brain. 2015; 7: 59-81.
19. Pasadhika S, Rosenbaum JT. Ocular Sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med. 2015; 36(4): 669-83.
20. Al-Kaabi A, Haider AS, Shafeeq MO et al. Bilateral Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy in a Child on Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis: Case report and literature review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2016; 16(4): e504-7.
21. Di Zazzo G, Guzzo I, De Galasso L et al. Anterior Ischemic Optical Neuropathy in Children on Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis: Report of 7 Cases. Perit Dial Int. 2015; 35(2): 135-9.
22. Ba-Abbad RA, Nowilaty SR. Bilateral optic disc swelling as the presenting sign of pheochromocytoma in a child. Medscape J Med. 2008; 10(7): 176.
23. Hayreh SS, Servais GE, Virdi PS. Fundus lesions in malignant hypertension. VI: hypertensive choroidopathy. Ophthalmology. 1986; 93: 1383-400.
24. Holland GN, Denove CS, Yu F. Chronic anterior uveitis in children: clinical characteristics and complications. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009; 147: 667-78.
25. Cheung CM, Chee SP. Posterior scleritis in children: clinical features and treatment. Ophthalmology. 2012; 119(1): 59-65.
26. Huang M, Patel J, Patel BC. Optic Nerve Glioma. 2020 May 4. In: StatPearls Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2021.
27. Chang MY, Velez FG, Demer JL et al. Accuracy of Diagnostic Imaging Modalities for Classifying Pediatric Eyes as Papilledema Versus Pseudopapilledema. Ophthalmology. 2017; 124(12): 1839-48.
28. Chang MY, Pineles SL. Optic disk drusen in children. Surv Ophthalmol. 2016; 61(6): 745-58.
29. Chang MY, Binenbaum G, Heidary G et al. Imaging Methods for Differentiating Pediatric Papilledema from Pseudopapilledema: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2020; 127(10): 1416-23.
30. Gawęcki M. Angiografia fluoresceinowa i indocyjaninowa Praktyczny podręcznik. Ist edition. KMG Dragon’s House, Gdańsk 2016.
31. Kulkarni KM, Pasol J, Rosa PR et al. Differentiating mild papilledema and buried optic nerve head drusen using spectra domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2014; 121(4): 959-63.
32. Silverman AL, Tatham AJ, Medeiros FA et al. Assessment of optic nerve head drusen using enhanced depth imaging and swept source optical coherence tomography. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014; 34(2): 198-205.
33. Freund P, Margolin E. Pseudopapilledema. Updated 2020 Aug 10. In: StatPearls Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2020.
34. Loukianou E, Kisma N, Pal B. Evolution of an Astrocytic Hamartoma of the Optic Nerve Head in a Patient with Retinitis Pigmentosa – Photographic Documentation over 2 Years of Follow-Up. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2011; 2(1): 45-9.