Nowe leki przeciwcukrzycowe w leczeniu cukrzycy typu 2 Artykuł przeglądowy
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cze 30, 2014
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cukrzyca, inkretyny, leczenie
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Z uwagi na wciąż rosnącą liczbę zachorowań na cukrzycę w populacji ogólnej poszukiwanie nowych metod leczenia tej choroby staje się coraz większym wyzwaniem. W ostatnich latach zarejestrowano kilka nowych leków stosowanych w terapii cukrzycy typu 2. Co istotne, najnowsze badania skupiają się na poszukiwaniu nowych, odmiennych od dotychczas wykorzystywanych, mechanizmów działania skutkujących obniżeniem glikemii. W poniższym artykule zaprezentowano skrócony opis leków wpływających na szlak inkretynowy, inhibitorów kotransportera sodowo-glukozowego 2, bromokryptyny oraz kolesewelamu.
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Nehring , P., Ciołek , I., Dęmbe , K., Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska , B., & Krasnodębski , P. (2014). Nowe leki przeciwcukrzycowe w leczeniu cukrzycy typu 2 . Kardiologia W Praktyce, 8(2), 12-18. Pobrano z https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1533
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Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
Bibliografia
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2. Elrick H., Stimmler L., Hlad C.J., Arai Y.: Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose administration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1964; 24: 1076-82.
3. Perley M.J., Kipnis D.M.: Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic subjects. J. Clin. Incest. 1967; 46: 1954-62.
4. Herrmann C., Goke R., Richter G. et al.: Glucagonlike peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion 1995; 56: 117-26.
5. Elliott R.M., Morgan L.M., Tredger J.A. et al.: Glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns. J. Endocrinol. 1993; 138: 159-66.
6. Vilsboll T., Krarup T., Deacon C.F. et al.: Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2001; 50: 609-13.
7. Lugari R., Dei Cas A., Ugolotti D. et al.: Evidence for early impairment of glucagon-like peptide 1-induced insulin secretion in human type 2 (non insulin-dependent) diabetes. Horm. Metab. Res. 2002; 34: 150-4.
8. Rask E., Olsson T., Soderberg S. et al.: Impaired incretin response after a mixed meal is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 1640-5.
9. Creutzfeld W.O., Kleine N., Willms B. et al.: Glucagonostaticactions and reduction of fasting hyperglycemia by exogenous glucagon like peptide I (7–36) amide in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care1996; 19: 580-6.
10. Dupre J., Behme M.T., Hramiak I.M. et al.: Glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in IDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44: 626-30.
11. Drucker D.J.: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition and the Treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1335-43.
12. Mannucci E., Pala L., Ciani S. et al.: Hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 1168-72.
13. Ryskjaer J., Deacon C.F., Carr R.D. et al.: Plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus correlates positively with HbAlc levels, but is not acutely affected by food intake. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006; 155: 485-93.
14. Gupta V. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues: An overview. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013; 3: 413-21.
15. Bayetta. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Eli Lilly Nederland B.V., Grootslag 1-5, NL-3991 RA Houten, Holandia.
16. Victoza. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Allé DK-2880 Bagsværd, Dania.
17. Lyxumia. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Sanofi-aventis Groupe 54, rue La Boétie F – 75008 Paris, Francja.
18. Bydureon. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Eli Lilly Nederland B.V., Grootslag 1-5, NL-3991 RA Houten, Holandia.
19. Mudaliar S., Henry R.R.: Incretin therapies: effects beyond glycemic control. Am. J. Med. 2009; 122: 25-36.
20. Schmidt L., Habacher W., Augustin T. et al.: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of lixisenatide in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2014; 29 [Epub ahead of print].
21. Sebokova E., Christ A.D., Wang H. et al.: Taspoglutide, an analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 with enhanced stability and in vivo Potenzy. Endocrinology 2010; 6: 2474-82.
22. Barrington P., Chien J.Y., Showalter H.D. et al.: A 5-week study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY2189265, a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011; 5: 426-33.
23. Shyangdan D.S., Royle P., Clar C. et al.: Glucagon-like peptide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011; 10 [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006423.pub2].
24. Januvia. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd. Hertford Road, Hoddesdon Hertfordshire, EN11 9BU, Wielka Brytania.
25. Galvus. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Novartis Europharm Limited, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, Wielka Brytania.
26. Aschner P., Kipnes M.S., Lunceford J.K. et al.: Effect of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin as Monotherapy on Glycemic Control in Patient With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 12: 2632-7.
27. Gao W., Dong J., Liu J. et al.: Efficacy and safety of initial combination of DPP-IV inhibitors and metformin versus metformin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2014; 2: 179-85.
28. Goldstein B.J., Feinglos M.N., Lunceford J.K. et al.: Effect of Initial Combination Therapy With Sitagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, and Metformin on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 8: 1979-87.
29. Ristic S., Byiers S., Foley J., Holmes D.: Improved glycaemic control with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition in patients with type 2 diabetes: vildagliptin (LAF237) dose response. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2005; 7: 692-8.
30. Gooßen K., Gräber S.: Longer term safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2012; 12: 1061-72.
31. Rosenwasser R.F., Sultan S., Sutton D. et al.: SGLT-2 inhibitors and their potential in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2013; 6: 453-67.
32. Marsenic O.: Glucose control by the kidney: an emerging target in diabetes. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2009; 5: 875-83.
33. Basile J.: A new approach to glucose control in type 2 diabetes: the role of kidney sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition. Postgrad Med. 2011; 4: 38-45.
34. Dapagliflozyna. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Bristol-Myers Squibb/AstraZeneca EEIG , Bristol-Myers Squibb House, Uxbridge Business Park, Sanderson Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 1DH, Wielka Brytania.
35. Ferrannini E., Ramos S.J., Salsali A. et al.: Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care 2010; 10: 2217-24.
36. Nauck M.A., Del Prato S., Meier J.J. et al.: Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 9: 2015-22.
37. Strojek K., Yoon K.H., Hruba V. et al.: Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011; 10: 928-38.
38. Rosenstock J., Vico M., Wei L. et al.: Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care 2012; 7: 1473-8.
39. Wilding J., Woo V., Soler N et al.: Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012; 6: 405-15.
40. List J.F., Woo V., Morales E. et al.: Sodium-Glucose Cotransport InhibitionWith Dapagliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 650-7.
41. Kanagliflozyna. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Janssen-Cilag International NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgia.
42. Kurosaki E., Ogasawara H.: Ipragliflozin and other sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Preclinical and clinical data. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013; 1: 51-9.
43. WelChol. Highlights of prescribing information. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. Parsippany, New Jersey 07054.
44. Marina A.L., Utzschneider K.M., Wright L.A. et al.: Colesevelam Improves Oral but Not Intravenous Glucose Tolerance by a Mechanism Independent of Insulin Sensitivity and b-Cell Function. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1119-25.
45. Fonseca V.A., Rosenstock J., Wang A.C. et al.: Colesevelam HCl improves glycemic control and reduces LDL cholesterol in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on sulfonylurea-based therapy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1479-84.
46. Goldberg R.B., Fonseca V.A., Truitt K.E., Jones M.R.: Efficacy and safety of colesevelam in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control receiving insulin-based therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008; 168: 1531-40.
47. Shang Q., Saumoy M., Holst J.J. et al.: Colesevelam improves insulin resistance in a diet- induced obesity (F-DIO) rat model by increasing the release of GLP-1. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010; 298: 419-24.
48. Cycloset. Highlight of prescribing information. September 2000. VeroScience, LLC, Tiverton, RI 02878.
49. De Fronzo R.A.: Bromocriptine: A Sympatholytic, D2-Dopamine Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 4: 789-94.
50. Cincotta A.H.: Hypothalamic role in the insulin resistance syndrome. In Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Hansen B., Shaffrir E. (red.). London, Taylor and Francis 2002; 271-312.
51. Meier A.H., Cincotta A.H.: Circadian rhythms regulate the expression of the thrifty genotype/phenotype. Diabetes Reviews 1996; 4: 464-87.
52. Cincotta A.H., Meier A.H., Cincotta Jr M.: Bromocriptine improves glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in obese Type 2 diabetic subjects: a new approach in the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 1999; 8: 1683-707.
53. Scranton R.E.F.W., Ezrokhi M., Gaziano J.M., Cincotta A.H.: Quick release bromocriptine (Cycloset TM) improves glycaemic control in patients with diabetes failing metformin/sulfonylurea combination therapy. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 372-3.
54. Pijl H., Pipek R., Ohashi S. et al.: Bromocriptine. A novel approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1154-61.
2. Elrick H., Stimmler L., Hlad C.J., Arai Y.: Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose administration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1964; 24: 1076-82.
3. Perley M.J., Kipnis D.M.: Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose: studies in normal and diabetic subjects. J. Clin. Incest. 1967; 46: 1954-62.
4. Herrmann C., Goke R., Richter G. et al.: Glucagonlike peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion 1995; 56: 117-26.
5. Elliott R.M., Morgan L.M., Tredger J.A. et al.: Glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns. J. Endocrinol. 1993; 138: 159-66.
6. Vilsboll T., Krarup T., Deacon C.F. et al.: Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2001; 50: 609-13.
7. Lugari R., Dei Cas A., Ugolotti D. et al.: Evidence for early impairment of glucagon-like peptide 1-induced insulin secretion in human type 2 (non insulin-dependent) diabetes. Horm. Metab. Res. 2002; 34: 150-4.
8. Rask E., Olsson T., Soderberg S. et al.: Impaired incretin response after a mixed meal is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 1640-5.
9. Creutzfeld W.O., Kleine N., Willms B. et al.: Glucagonostaticactions and reduction of fasting hyperglycemia by exogenous glucagon like peptide I (7–36) amide in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care1996; 19: 580-6.
10. Dupre J., Behme M.T., Hramiak I.M. et al.: Glucagon-like peptide 1 reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in IDDM. Diabetes 1995; 44: 626-30.
11. Drucker D.J.: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition and the Treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1335-43.
12. Mannucci E., Pala L., Ciani S. et al.: Hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 1168-72.
13. Ryskjaer J., Deacon C.F., Carr R.D. et al.: Plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus correlates positively with HbAlc levels, but is not acutely affected by food intake. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006; 155: 485-93.
14. Gupta V. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues: An overview. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013; 3: 413-21.
15. Bayetta. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Eli Lilly Nederland B.V., Grootslag 1-5, NL-3991 RA Houten, Holandia.
16. Victoza. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Novo Nordisk A/S Novo Allé DK-2880 Bagsværd, Dania.
17. Lyxumia. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Sanofi-aventis Groupe 54, rue La Boétie F – 75008 Paris, Francja.
18. Bydureon. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Eli Lilly Nederland B.V., Grootslag 1-5, NL-3991 RA Houten, Holandia.
19. Mudaliar S., Henry R.R.: Incretin therapies: effects beyond glycemic control. Am. J. Med. 2009; 122: 25-36.
20. Schmidt L., Habacher W., Augustin T. et al.: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of lixisenatide in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2014; 29 [Epub ahead of print].
21. Sebokova E., Christ A.D., Wang H. et al.: Taspoglutide, an analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 with enhanced stability and in vivo Potenzy. Endocrinology 2010; 6: 2474-82.
22. Barrington P., Chien J.Y., Showalter H.D. et al.: A 5-week study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY2189265, a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011; 5: 426-33.
23. Shyangdan D.S., Royle P., Clar C. et al.: Glucagon-like peptide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011; 10 [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006423.pub2].
24. Januvia. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd. Hertford Road, Hoddesdon Hertfordshire, EN11 9BU, Wielka Brytania.
25. Galvus. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Novartis Europharm Limited, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, Wielka Brytania.
26. Aschner P., Kipnes M.S., Lunceford J.K. et al.: Effect of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin as Monotherapy on Glycemic Control in Patient With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 12: 2632-7.
27. Gao W., Dong J., Liu J. et al.: Efficacy and safety of initial combination of DPP-IV inhibitors and metformin versus metformin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2014; 2: 179-85.
28. Goldstein B.J., Feinglos M.N., Lunceford J.K. et al.: Effect of Initial Combination Therapy With Sitagliptin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, and Metformin on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 8: 1979-87.
29. Ristic S., Byiers S., Foley J., Holmes D.: Improved glycaemic control with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition in patients with type 2 diabetes: vildagliptin (LAF237) dose response. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2005; 7: 692-8.
30. Gooßen K., Gräber S.: Longer term safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2012; 12: 1061-72.
31. Rosenwasser R.F., Sultan S., Sutton D. et al.: SGLT-2 inhibitors and their potential in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 2013; 6: 453-67.
32. Marsenic O.: Glucose control by the kidney: an emerging target in diabetes. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2009; 5: 875-83.
33. Basile J.: A new approach to glucose control in type 2 diabetes: the role of kidney sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition. Postgrad Med. 2011; 4: 38-45.
34. Dapagliflozyna. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Bristol-Myers Squibb/AstraZeneca EEIG , Bristol-Myers Squibb House, Uxbridge Business Park, Sanderson Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 1DH, Wielka Brytania.
35. Ferrannini E., Ramos S.J., Salsali A. et al.: Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care 2010; 10: 2217-24.
36. Nauck M.A., Del Prato S., Meier J.J. et al.: Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 9: 2015-22.
37. Strojek K., Yoon K.H., Hruba V. et al.: Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2011; 10: 928-38.
38. Rosenstock J., Vico M., Wei L. et al.: Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care 2012; 7: 1473-8.
39. Wilding J., Woo V., Soler N et al.: Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012; 6: 405-15.
40. List J.F., Woo V., Morales E. et al.: Sodium-Glucose Cotransport InhibitionWith Dapagliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 650-7.
41. Kanagliflozyna. Charakterystyka produktu leczniczego. Janssen-Cilag International NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgia.
42. Kurosaki E., Ogasawara H.: Ipragliflozin and other sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Preclinical and clinical data. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013; 1: 51-9.
43. WelChol. Highlights of prescribing information. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. Parsippany, New Jersey 07054.
44. Marina A.L., Utzschneider K.M., Wright L.A. et al.: Colesevelam Improves Oral but Not Intravenous Glucose Tolerance by a Mechanism Independent of Insulin Sensitivity and b-Cell Function. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1119-25.
45. Fonseca V.A., Rosenstock J., Wang A.C. et al.: Colesevelam HCl improves glycemic control and reduces LDL cholesterol in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on sulfonylurea-based therapy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1479-84.
46. Goldberg R.B., Fonseca V.A., Truitt K.E., Jones M.R.: Efficacy and safety of colesevelam in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control receiving insulin-based therapy. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008; 168: 1531-40.
47. Shang Q., Saumoy M., Holst J.J. et al.: Colesevelam improves insulin resistance in a diet- induced obesity (F-DIO) rat model by increasing the release of GLP-1. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2010; 298: 419-24.
48. Cycloset. Highlight of prescribing information. September 2000. VeroScience, LLC, Tiverton, RI 02878.
49. De Fronzo R.A.: Bromocriptine: A Sympatholytic, D2-Dopamine Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 4: 789-94.
50. Cincotta A.H.: Hypothalamic role in the insulin resistance syndrome. In Insulin Resistance Syndrome. Hansen B., Shaffrir E. (red.). London, Taylor and Francis 2002; 271-312.
51. Meier A.H., Cincotta A.H.: Circadian rhythms regulate the expression of the thrifty genotype/phenotype. Diabetes Reviews 1996; 4: 464-87.
52. Cincotta A.H., Meier A.H., Cincotta Jr M.: Bromocriptine improves glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in obese Type 2 diabetic subjects: a new approach in the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 1999; 8: 1683-707.
53. Scranton R.E.F.W., Ezrokhi M., Gaziano J.M., Cincotta A.H.: Quick release bromocriptine (Cycloset TM) improves glycaemic control in patients with diabetes failing metformin/sulfonylurea combination therapy. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 372-3.
54. Pijl H., Pipek R., Ohashi S. et al.: Bromocriptine. A novel approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1154-61.