Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and sartans the only drugs to inhibit the renin-angiotensin system? Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2009
Keywords:
renin-angiotensin system, converting enzyme, angiotensin 1-7, aminopeptidase A
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Abstract
The involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous evidence. In addition to angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin I and II, some new components of the system have been discovered, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, angiotensin 1-7, and aminopeptidase A. Also, new drugs blocking the renin-angiotensin system have been introduced for use in clinical practice in the recent years, including aldosterone antagonist eplerenon and direct renin inhibitor aliskiren. New pharmacological agents inhibiting various steps of the expanded renin-angiotensin system are now under investigation.
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Lewandowski , J., & Jędrusik , P. (2009). Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and sartans the only drugs to inhibit the renin-angiotensin system?. Cardiology in Practice, 3(4), 163-168. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1648
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References
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26. Villamil A., Chrysant S.G., Calhoun D. et al.: Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. J. Hypertens. 2007, 25: 217-26.
27. Uresin Y., Taylor A.A., Kilo C. et al.: Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007, 8: 190-198.
28. McMurray J.J.V., Pitt B., Latini R. et al.: Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Circ. Heart Fail. 2008, 1: 17-24.
29. Parving H.-H., Persson F., Lewis J.B., Lewis E.J., Hollenberg N.K.: Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358: 2433–2446.
30. Solomon S., Appelbaum E., Manning W.J. et al.: The Aliskiren Left Ventricular Assessment of Hypertrophy (ALLAY) Trial. [online: http:// www.medicalnewstoday. com/ articles/102328.php] .
31. Reudelhuber T.L.: A Place in Our Hearts for the Lowly Angiotensin 1-7 Peptide? Hypertension 2006, 47: 811-815.
2. Rump L.Ch.: Secondary rise of albuminuria under AT1-receptor blockade – what is the potential role of aldosterone escape? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007, 22: 5.
3. Albert N.M., Yancy C.W., Liang L. et al.: Use of aldosterone antagonists in heart failure. JAMA 2009, 302: 1658-1665.
4. Dzau V.J.: Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 1988, 77: 1-3.
5. Dzau V.J., Sasamura H., Hein L.: Heterogeneity of angiotensin synthetic pathways and receptor subtypes: physiological and pharmacological implications. J. Hypertens. 1993, 11(suppl.): S13-18.
6. Timmermans P.B., Smith R.D.: Angiotensin II receptor subtypes: selective antagonists and functional correlates. Eur. Heart J. 1994, 15(suppl D): 79-87. 7. Weir M.R., Dzau V.J.: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: A Specific Target for Hypertension Management AJH 1999, 12: 205S-213S.
7. Campbell D.J.: Critical review of prorenin and (pro)renin receptor research. Hypertension 2008 [online: DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.110924].
8. Reudelhuber T.L.: A place in our hearts for the lowly angiotensin 1-7 peptide? Hypertension 2006, 47: 811-815.
9. Chappell M.C.: Emerging evidence for a functional angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-angiotensin- (1-7)-Mas receptor axis: more than regulation of blood pressure? Hypertension 2007, 50: 596-599.
10. Diez-Freire C., Vazquez J., Correa de Adjounian M.F. et al.: ACE2 gene transfer attenuates hypertension-linked pathophysiological changes in the SHR. Physiol. Genomics. 2006, 27: 12-19.
11. Hernandez Prada J., Ferreira A.J., Katovich M.J.: Structure-Based Identification of Small-Molecule Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Activators as Novel Antihypertensive Agents. Hypertension. 2008, 51: 1312-1317.
12. Benter I.F., Yousif M.H.M., Cojocel C. et al.: Angiotensin-(1-7) prevents diabetes-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, 292: H666-H672.
13. Ferreira A.J., Raizada M.K.: Aminopeptidase A Could It Be a Novel Target for Neurogenic Hypertension? Hypertension 2008, 51: 1273-1274.
14. Bodineau L., Frugie`re A., Marc Y., et al.: Orally active aminopeptidase A inhibitors reduce blood pressure: a new strategy for treating hypertension. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1318-1325.
15. Weinberger M.H., Roniker B., Krause S.L., Weiss R.J.: Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2002, 15: 709-716.
16. Epstein M., Alexander J.C., Roniker B.: Efficacy and safety of eplerenone, a novel and selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA), in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Hypertension 1999, 33: 1075.
17. Pitt B., Reichek N., Metscher B. et al.: Efficacy and safety of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril combination therapy for essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The 4E Study. Circulation 2003, 108: 1831-1838.
18. Pitt B., Remme W., Zannad F. et al.: Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348: 1309-1321.
19. Wood J.M., Cumin F., Maibaum J.: Pharmacology of renin inhibitors and their application to the treatment of hypertension. Pharmacol. Ther. 1994, 61: 325-344.
20. Rajagopalan S., Duquaine D., King S. et al.: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism in Experimental Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002, 105: 2212-2216.
21. Brown M.J.: Aliskiren. Circulation 2008, 118: 773-784.
22. Gradman A.H., Kad R.: Renin Inhibition in Hypertension. JACC 2008, 51(5): 519-28.
23. Andersen K., Weinberger M.H., Egan B. et al.: Aliskiren-based therapy lowers blood pressure more effectively than ramipril-based therapy in patients with hypertension: a 6-month, randomized, double blind trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007, 49 (Suppl. A): A371.
24. Stanton A., Jensen C., Nussberger J., O’Brien E.: Blood pressure lowering in essential hypertension with oral renin inhibitor, aliskiren. Hypertension 2003, 42: 1137-1143.
25. Oparil S., Yarows S.A., Patel S. et al.: Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomized double-blind trial. Lancet 2007, 370: 221-9.
26. Villamil A., Chrysant S.G., Calhoun D. et al.: Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. J. Hypertens. 2007, 25: 217-26.
27. Uresin Y., Taylor A.A., Kilo C. et al.: Efficacy and safety of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and ramipril alone or in combination in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2007, 8: 190-198.
28. McMurray J.J.V., Pitt B., Latini R. et al.: Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Circ. Heart Fail. 2008, 1: 17-24.
29. Parving H.-H., Persson F., Lewis J.B., Lewis E.J., Hollenberg N.K.: Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358: 2433–2446.
30. Solomon S., Appelbaum E., Manning W.J. et al.: The Aliskiren Left Ventricular Assessment of Hypertrophy (ALLAY) Trial. [online: http:// www.medicalnewstoday. com/ articles/102328.php] .
31. Reudelhuber T.L.: A Place in Our Hearts for the Lowly Angiotensin 1-7 Peptide? Hypertension 2006, 47: 811-815.