An impedance cardiography – simple, noninvasive method for determination of cardiac stroke volume. Part 1. Methodical basis Review article
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Published:
Jun 30, 2011
Keywords:
impedance cardiography, hemodynamic parameters, non-invasive methods, continuous measurement, stroke volume, systolic time intervals
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Abstract
The foundations of the impedance cardiography as a noninvasive method for continuous determination of stroke volume, cardiac output and systolic time intervals (pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time) were described. The genesis of the signal, the used arithmetic formulas for SV evaluation and limitation of the method were presented.
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Cybulski , G., Niewiadomski , W., Zielińska , A., Strasz , A., & Gąsiorowska , A. (2011). An impedance cardiography – simple, noninvasive method for determination of cardiac stroke volume. Part 1. Methodical basis. Cardiology in Practice, 5(2), 61-69. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1607
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
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References
1. Kubicek W.G., Karnegis J.N., Patterson R.P., Witsoe D.A. Mattson R.H.: Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system. Aerospace Medicine 1966, 37(12): 1208-1212.
2. Miyamoto Y., Takahashi M., Tamura T., Nakamura T., Hiura T., Mikami T.: Continous determination of cardiac output during exercise by the use of impedance plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. & Comput. 1981, 19: 638‑644.
3. Miyamoto Y., Tamura T., Mikami T.: Automatic determination of cardiac output using an impedance plethysmography. Biotelemetry. Patient Monitoring. 1981, 8: 189‑203.
4. Patterson R.P.: Sources of the thoracic cardiogenic electrical impedance signal as determined by a model. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1985, 23: 411‑417.
5. Malmivuo J., Plonsey R.: Impedance Plethysmography (roz. 25). W: Bioelectromagnetism – Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. Oxford University Press, New York 1995.
6. Atzler E., Lehmann G.: Uber ein neues Verfahren sur Darstellung der Hertztatigkeit (Dielectrographi). Arbeitsphysiologie 1932, 5: 636-639.
7. Nyboer J., Bango S., Barnett A. et al.: Radiocardiograms. J. Clin. Invest. 1940, 19: 773-778.
8. Nyboer J.: Plethysmography. Impedance. W: Medical Physics, tom 2. Glasser O. (red.). Year Book Pub., Chicago 1950: 736-43.
9. Kubicek W.G., Patterson R.P., Witsoe D.A.: Impedance cardiography as a non-invasive method for monitoring cardiac function and other parameters of the cardiovascular system. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1970, 170: 724-32.
10. Geddes L.A., Baker L.E.: Specific resistance of biological material-a compendum of data for biomedical engineer and physiologist. Med. Biol. Engin. 1967, 5(3): 271-293.
11. Boer P., Roos J.C., Geyskes G.G., Mees E.J.D.: Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography under various conditions. Am. J. Physiol. 1979, 237(4): H491-H492.
12. Porter J.M., Swain I.D.: Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance plethysmography. J. Biomed. Eng. 1987 Jul, 9(3): 222-31.
13. Ito H., Yamakoshi K.I., Togawa T.: Transthoracic admittance plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976 Mar, 40(3): 451-4.
14. Keim H.J., Wallace J.M., Thurston H., Case D.B., Drayer J.I., Laragh J.H.: Impedance cardiography for determination of stroke index. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976 Nov, 41(5 Pt. 1): 797-9.
15. Bonjer F.H., van den Berg J., Dirken M.N.: The origin of the variations of body impedance occurring during the cardiac cycle. Circulation 1952 Sep, 6(3): 415-20.
16. Sakamoto K., Muto K., Kanai H., Iiuzuka M.: Problems of impedance cardiography. Med. Eng. Comput. 1979, 17: 697‑709.
17. Thomsen A., Fabricius J.: Impedance cardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation. Dan. Med. Bull. 1978, 25: 91.
18. Thomsen A.: Impedance cardiography – Is the output from right or from left ventricle measured? Intensive Care Med. 1979, 6: 206.
19. Anderson Jr. F.A., Penney B.C., Patwardhan N.A., Wheeler H.B.: Impedance plethysmography: the origin of electrical impedance changes measured in the human calf. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1980, 18: 234‑240.
20. Shankar T.M.R., Webster J.G., Shao S.Y.: The contribution of vessel volume change to the electrical impedance pulse. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1986, 1: 42‑47.
21. Kosicki J., Chen L., Hobbie R., Patterson R., Ackerman E.: Contributions to the impedance cardiogram waveform. Annals of Biomed. Eng. 1986, 14: 67‑80.
22. Kim D.W., Baker L.E., Pearce J.A., Kim W.K.: Origins of the impedance change in impedance cardiography by a three‑dimensional finite element model. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1988, 12: 993‑1000.
23. Penney B.C.: Theory and cardiac applications of electrical impedance measurements. CRC Crit. Rev. Bioeng. 1986, 13: 227-81.
24. Swanson D.K., Webster J.G.: Errors in four‑electrode impedance plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. Computing 1983, 21: 674‑680. 25. Geddes L.A., Baker L.E., Moore A.G., Coulter T.W.: Hazards in the use of low frequencies for the measurement of physiological events by impedance. Med. Biol. Engineering 1969, 7: 289‑296.
26. Du Quesnay M.C., Stoute G.J., Hughson R.L.: Cardiac output in exercise by impedance cardiography during breath holding and normal breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 1987, 62(1): 101‑107.
27. Eiken O., Segerhammar P.: Elimination of breathing artefacts from impedance cardiograms at rest and during exercise. Med. Biol. Eng. Computing 1988, 26: 13‑16.
28. Geddes L.A., Sadler C.: The specific resistance of blood at body temperature. Med. Biol. Engineering 1973, 5: 336‑339.
29. Quail A.W., Traugott F.M., Porges W.L., White S.W.: Thoracic resistivity for stroke volume calculation in impedance cardiography. J. Applied Physiol. 1981, 50: 191‑5.
30. Adamicza A., Tutsek L., Nagy S.: The measurement of cardiac output by the thoracic impedance method. Acta Physiol. Hungarica 1988, 3: 395‑408.
31. Wtorek J., Poliński A.: The contribution of blood-flow-induced conductivity changes to measured impedance. IEEE Trans Biomed. Eng. 2005, 52(1): 41-49.
32. Cybulski G.: Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography. The Systems and their Applications. Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Vol. 76, 1st Edition. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG, 2011: 150.
33. Niewiadomski W., Gąsiorowska A., Cybulski G., Niewiadomski W., Strasz A., Gąsiorowska A., Kwiatkowska D.: Kardiografia impedancyjna w terapii nadciśnienia tętniczego. Kardiologia w Praktyce 2010, 3(15): 131-137.
2. Miyamoto Y., Takahashi M., Tamura T., Nakamura T., Hiura T., Mikami T.: Continous determination of cardiac output during exercise by the use of impedance plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. & Comput. 1981, 19: 638‑644.
3. Miyamoto Y., Tamura T., Mikami T.: Automatic determination of cardiac output using an impedance plethysmography. Biotelemetry. Patient Monitoring. 1981, 8: 189‑203.
4. Patterson R.P.: Sources of the thoracic cardiogenic electrical impedance signal as determined by a model. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1985, 23: 411‑417.
5. Malmivuo J., Plonsey R.: Impedance Plethysmography (roz. 25). W: Bioelectromagnetism – Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. Oxford University Press, New York 1995.
6. Atzler E., Lehmann G.: Uber ein neues Verfahren sur Darstellung der Hertztatigkeit (Dielectrographi). Arbeitsphysiologie 1932, 5: 636-639.
7. Nyboer J., Bango S., Barnett A. et al.: Radiocardiograms. J. Clin. Invest. 1940, 19: 773-778.
8. Nyboer J.: Plethysmography. Impedance. W: Medical Physics, tom 2. Glasser O. (red.). Year Book Pub., Chicago 1950: 736-43.
9. Kubicek W.G., Patterson R.P., Witsoe D.A.: Impedance cardiography as a non-invasive method for monitoring cardiac function and other parameters of the cardiovascular system. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1970, 170: 724-32.
10. Geddes L.A., Baker L.E.: Specific resistance of biological material-a compendum of data for biomedical engineer and physiologist. Med. Biol. Engin. 1967, 5(3): 271-293.
11. Boer P., Roos J.C., Geyskes G.G., Mees E.J.D.: Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography under various conditions. Am. J. Physiol. 1979, 237(4): H491-H492.
12. Porter J.M., Swain I.D.: Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance plethysmography. J. Biomed. Eng. 1987 Jul, 9(3): 222-31.
13. Ito H., Yamakoshi K.I., Togawa T.: Transthoracic admittance plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976 Mar, 40(3): 451-4.
14. Keim H.J., Wallace J.M., Thurston H., Case D.B., Drayer J.I., Laragh J.H.: Impedance cardiography for determination of stroke index. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976 Nov, 41(5 Pt. 1): 797-9.
15. Bonjer F.H., van den Berg J., Dirken M.N.: The origin of the variations of body impedance occurring during the cardiac cycle. Circulation 1952 Sep, 6(3): 415-20.
16. Sakamoto K., Muto K., Kanai H., Iiuzuka M.: Problems of impedance cardiography. Med. Eng. Comput. 1979, 17: 697‑709.
17. Thomsen A., Fabricius J.: Impedance cardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation. Dan. Med. Bull. 1978, 25: 91.
18. Thomsen A.: Impedance cardiography – Is the output from right or from left ventricle measured? Intensive Care Med. 1979, 6: 206.
19. Anderson Jr. F.A., Penney B.C., Patwardhan N.A., Wheeler H.B.: Impedance plethysmography: the origin of electrical impedance changes measured in the human calf. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1980, 18: 234‑240.
20. Shankar T.M.R., Webster J.G., Shao S.Y.: The contribution of vessel volume change to the electrical impedance pulse. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1986, 1: 42‑47.
21. Kosicki J., Chen L., Hobbie R., Patterson R., Ackerman E.: Contributions to the impedance cardiogram waveform. Annals of Biomed. Eng. 1986, 14: 67‑80.
22. Kim D.W., Baker L.E., Pearce J.A., Kim W.K.: Origins of the impedance change in impedance cardiography by a three‑dimensional finite element model. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1988, 12: 993‑1000.
23. Penney B.C.: Theory and cardiac applications of electrical impedance measurements. CRC Crit. Rev. Bioeng. 1986, 13: 227-81.
24. Swanson D.K., Webster J.G.: Errors in four‑electrode impedance plethysmography. Med. Biol. Eng. Computing 1983, 21: 674‑680. 25. Geddes L.A., Baker L.E., Moore A.G., Coulter T.W.: Hazards in the use of low frequencies for the measurement of physiological events by impedance. Med. Biol. Engineering 1969, 7: 289‑296.
26. Du Quesnay M.C., Stoute G.J., Hughson R.L.: Cardiac output in exercise by impedance cardiography during breath holding and normal breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 1987, 62(1): 101‑107.
27. Eiken O., Segerhammar P.: Elimination of breathing artefacts from impedance cardiograms at rest and during exercise. Med. Biol. Eng. Computing 1988, 26: 13‑16.
28. Geddes L.A., Sadler C.: The specific resistance of blood at body temperature. Med. Biol. Engineering 1973, 5: 336‑339.
29. Quail A.W., Traugott F.M., Porges W.L., White S.W.: Thoracic resistivity for stroke volume calculation in impedance cardiography. J. Applied Physiol. 1981, 50: 191‑5.
30. Adamicza A., Tutsek L., Nagy S.: The measurement of cardiac output by the thoracic impedance method. Acta Physiol. Hungarica 1988, 3: 395‑408.
31. Wtorek J., Poliński A.: The contribution of blood-flow-induced conductivity changes to measured impedance. IEEE Trans Biomed. Eng. 2005, 52(1): 41-49.
32. Cybulski G.: Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography. The Systems and their Applications. Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Vol. 76, 1st Edition. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG, 2011: 150.
33. Niewiadomski W., Gąsiorowska A., Cybulski G., Niewiadomski W., Strasz A., Gąsiorowska A., Kwiatkowska D.: Kardiografia impedancyjna w terapii nadciśnienia tętniczego. Kardiologia w Praktyce 2010, 3(15): 131-137.