Young patient with hyperlipidemia - how to decrease the cardiovascular risk? Case report
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Published:
Mar 31, 2013
Keywords:
familiar hypercholesterolemia, familiar hyperlipidemia, intima-media complex, cardiovascular risk, statins
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Abstract
Dyslipidemias are very common health problem in modern society, over 60% of all people, and can be diagnosed in young. High total cholesterol and LDL-C level seen in young people could be a sign of familiar hypercholesterolemia or familiar hyperlipidemia, but what is most important, should cause therapeutic procedure to reduce cardiovascular risk. High cholesterol level people usually have thicker intima-media complex, which is independent risk for stroke and myocardial infarction. Statins treatment familiar dyslipidemias reduces this risk. It seems that first estimation of lipids level shouldn’t be left for 4 decade, especially as in men from this group myocardial infarction becomes more popular.
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Rawdanowicz , J., & Pikto-Pietkiewicz , W. (2013). Young patient with hyperlipidemia - how to decrease the cardiovascular risk?. Cardiology in Practice, 7(1), 20-26. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1575
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
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23. Lavrencic A., Kosmina B., Keber I., Videcnik V., Keber D.: Carotid intima-media thickness in young patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart 1996, 76(4): 321-325.
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26. Undas A., Szczeklik A.: Miażdżyca. W: Szczeklik A., Tendera M.: Kardiologia – podręcznik oparty na zasadach EBM. Medycyna Praktyczna, Kraków 2009, t. I: 321-328.
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2. Cybulska B., Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L.: Hipercholesterolemia. W: Szczeklik A., Tendera M.: Kardiologia – podręcznik oparty na zasadach EBM. Medycyna Praktyczna, Kraków 2009, t. 1: 311-314.
3. Cybulska B., Szostak W. et al.: Konsensus rady redakcyjnej Polskiego Forum Profilaktyki Chorób Układu Krążenia. Forum profilaktyki 2008, 2(11): 1-12.
4. Grabiński M.: Hiperlipidemie u dzieci. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2007, 1(16): 165–171.
5. Gajewski P., Leśniak W.: Postępowanie w dyslipidemiach. Podsumowanie wytycznych ESC i EAS 2011. Medycyna Praktyczna 2011, 9(247): 23-43.
6. Jarauta E., Mateo-Gallego R., Gilabert R., Plana N., Junyent M., de Groot E., Cenarro A., Masana L., Ros E., Civeira F.: Carotid atherosclerosis and lipoprotein particle subclasses in familial hypercholesterolaemia and familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2012, 22(7): 591-597.
7. Versmissen J., Oosterveer D.M., Yazdanpanah M., Defesche J.C., Basart D.C., Liem A.H., Heeringa J., Witteman J.C., Lansberg P.J., Kastelein J.J., Sijbrands E.J.: Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ 2008, 337: a2423.
8. Cheng H.M., Ye Z.X., Chiou K.R., Lin S.J., Charng M.J.: Vascular stiffness in familial hypercholesterolaemia is associated with C-reactive protein and cholesterol burden. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 37(3): 197-206.
9. Kastelein J.J., Akdim F., Stroes E.S., Zwinderman A.H., Bots M.L., Stalenhoef A.F., Visseren F.L., Sijbrands E.J., Trip M.D., Stein E.A., Gaudet D., Duivenvoorden R., Veltri E.P., Marais A.D., de Groot E.; ENHANCE Investigators: Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 358(14): 1431-43.
10. Avis H.J., Hutten B.A., Gagné C., Langslet G., McCrindle B.W., Wiegman A., Hsia J., Kastelein J.J., Stein E.A.: Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin therapy for children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 55(11): 1121-1126.
11. Baigent C., Blackwell L., Emberson J., Holland L.E., Reith C., Bhala N., Peto R., Barnes E.H., Keech A., Simes J., Collins R.; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration: Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010, 376: 1670-1681.
12. Reinehr T., Wunsch R.: Intima media thickness-related risk factors in childhood obesity. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 2011, 6 (supl. 1): 46-52.
13. Wytyczne ESC/EAS dotyczące postępowania w dyslipidemiach. Kardiol. Pol. 2011, 69 (supl. IV): 143-200.
14. Paramsothy P., Knopp R.H., Bertoni A.G., Blumenthal R.S., Wasserman B.A., Tsai M.Y., Rue T., Wong N.D., Heckbert S.R.: Association of Combinations of Lipid Parameters With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Coronary Artery Calcium in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 56(13): 1034-1041.
15. O’Leary D.H., Polak J.F., Kronmal R.A., Manolio T.A., Burke G.L., Wolfson S.K.: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 340: 14-22.
16. Folsom A.R., Kronmal R.A., Detrano R.C. et al.: Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch. Intern. Med. 2008, 168: 1333-1339.
17. Lorenz M.W., Markus H.S., Bots M.L., Rosvall M., Sitzer M.: Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2007, 115: 459-467.
18. Mukherjee D., Yadav J.S.: Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness: indicator of atherosclerotic burden and response to risk factor modification. Am. Heart J. 2002, 144: 753-759.
19. Santos R.D., Lorenzatti A.J., Barros C.F., Escobar E.; discussants from a Clinical Lipidology Roundtable of Latin American Physicians: Clinical perspective: have the results of recent clinical trials of lipid-lowering therapies influenced the way we should practice? A Latin American perspective of current issues in clinical lipidology. J. Clin. Lipidol. 2011, 5(3): 124-132.
20. Gnasso A., Pujia A., Irace C., Mattioli P.L.: Increased carotid arterial wall thickness in common hyperlipidemia. Coron. Artery Dis. 1995, 6(1): 57-63.
21. Dogan S., Duivenvoorden R., Grobbee D.E., Kastelein J.J., Shear C.L., Evans G.W., Visseren F.L., Bots M.L.: Radiance 1 and Radiance 2 Study Groups. Ultrasound protocols to measure carotid intima-media thickness in trials, comparison of reproducibility, rate of progression, and effect of intervention in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia and subjects with mixed dyslipidemia. Ann. Med. 2010, 42(6): 447-464.
22. Masoura C., Pitsavos C., Aznaouridis K., Skoumas I., Vlachopoulos C., Stefanadis C.: Arterial endothelial function and wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia and familial combined hyperlipidemia and the effect of statins. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2011, 214(1): 129-138.
23. Lavrencic A., Kosmina B., Keber I., Videcnik V., Keber D.: Carotid intima-media thickness in young patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart 1996, 76(4): 321-325.
24. Zanchetti A., Rosei E., Palù C. et al.: The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. J. Hypertens. 1998, 16: 1667-1676.
25. Cacciatore F., Bruzzese G., Vitale D.F., Liguori A., de Nigris F., Fiorito C., Infante T., Donatelli F., Minucci P.B., Ignarro L.J., Napoli C.: Effects of ACE inhibition on circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular damage, and oxidative stress in hypertensive patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2011, 67(9): 877-883.
26. Undas A., Szczeklik A.: Miażdżyca. W: Szczeklik A., Tendera M.: Kardiologia – podręcznik oparty na zasadach EBM. Medycyna Praktyczna, Kraków 2009, t. I: 321-328.
27. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 01-3670, May 2001.
28. Goldberg A.C., Hopkins P.N., Toth P.P., Ballantyne Ch.M., Rader D.J., Robinson J.G., Daniels S.R., Gidding S.S., de Ferranti S.D., I to M.K., McGowan M.P., Moriarty P.M., Cromwell W.C., Ross J.L., Ziajka P.E.: Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients Clinical guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2011, 5: S1-S8.
29. Rozporządzenie ministra zdrowia i opieki społecznej w sprawie przeprowadzania badań lekarskich pracowników, zakresu profilaktycznej opieki zdrowotnej nad pracownikami oraz orzeczeń lekarskich wydawanych do celów przewidzianych w Kodeksie pracy (Dz. U. z 1996 r. nr 69, poz. 332 z późn. zm.).