Osteoprotegerin as a marker of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients Review article
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Published:
Mar 31, 2014
Keywords:
diabetes, vascular calcification, atherosclerosis, osteoprotegerin
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Abstract
Many recent research concerning pathogenesis of atherosclerosis concentrates on osteoprotegerin (OPG) – cytokine that initially had been presented as a regulator of bone tissue remodeling process. Due to recent studies it seems that osteoprotegerin and OPG/RANKL/RANK glycoprotein complex are involved in the regulation of vascular calcification process that in a factor of diabetic complications. Elevated serum OPG level is considered to be risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. This review presents investigations concerning osteoprotegerin involvement in coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. We present potential advantages of association of serum OPG levels to asses a risk of cardiovascular events.
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Rumianowska , A., Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska , B., & Karnafel , W. (2014). Osteoprotegerin as a marker of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Cardiology in Practice, 8(1), 30-35. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1543
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References
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2. Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L. et al.: Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998; 93: 165-176.
3. Yun T.J., Chaudhary P.M., Shu G.L. et al.: OPG/FDCR-1, a TNF receptor family member, is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40. J. Immunol. 1998; 161: 6113-6121.
4. Tan K.B., Harrop J., Reddy M. et al.: Characterization of a novel TNF-like ligand and recently described TNF ligand and TNF receptor superfamily genes and their constitutive and inducible expression in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Gene 1997; 204: 35-46.
5. Knudsen S.T., Foss C., Poulsen P.L. et al.: Increased plasma concentrations of osteoprotegerin in type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2003; 149: 39-42.
6. Hakeda Y., Kobayashi Y., Yamaguchi K. et al.: Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) directly inhibits bone resorbing activity of isolated mature osteoclasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 251: 796-801.
7. Akatsu T., Murakami T., Nishikawa M. et al.: Osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor suppresses osteoclast survival by interfering in the interaction of stromal cells with osteoclast. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 250: 229-234.
8. Emery J.G., McDonnell P., Burke M.B. et al.: Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 14363-14367.
9. Hofbauer L.C., Shui C., Riggs B.L. et al.: Effects of immunosuppressants on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001; 280: 334-339.
10. Bucay N., Sarosi I., Dunstan C.R. et al.: Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev. 1998; 12(9): 1260-1268.
11. Schoppet M., Al-Fakhri N., Franke F.E. et al.: Localization of osteoprotegerin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in Monckeberg’s sclerosis and atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004; 89: 4104-4112.
12. Niskanen L., Siitonen O., Suhonen M. et al.: Medial artery calcification predicts cardiovascular mortality in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 1252-1256.
13. Lehto S., Niskanen L., Suhonen M. et al.: Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular calcificationsin non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16: 978-983.
14. Jorsal A., Tarnow L., Flyvbjerg A. et al.: Plasma osteoprotegerin levels predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and deterioration of kidney function in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 2100-2107.
15. Browner W., Lui L., Cummings S.: Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures and mortality in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86: 631-637.
16. Hughes A.E., Ralston S.H., Marken J. et al.: Mutations in TNFRSF11A, affecting the signal peptide of RANK, cause familial expansile osteolysis. Nat. Genet. 2000; 24: 45-48.
17. Olesen P., Nguyen K., Wogensen L. et al.: Calcification of human vascular smooth muscle cells: associationswith osteoprotegerin expression and acceleration by high-dose insulin. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007; 292: H1058-H1064.
18. Dhore C.R., Cleutjens J.P., Lutgens E. et al.: Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21: 1998-2003.
19. Olesen P., Ledet T., Rassmusen L.M.: Arterial osteoprotegerin: increased amounts in diabetes and modifiable synthesis from vascular sooth muscle cells by insulin and TNF-alpha. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 561-568.
20. Vaccarezza M., Bortul R., Fadda R. et al.: Increased OPG expression and impaired OPG/TRAIL ratio in the aorta of diabetic rats. Med. Chem. 2007; 4: 387-391.
21. Heinonen S.E., Leppänen P., Kholová I. et al.: Increased atherosclerotic lesion calcification in a novel mouse model combining insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Circ. Res. 2007; 101: 1058-1067.
22. Hofbauer L.C., Schoppet M.: Osteoprotegerin: a link between osteoporosis and arterial calcification? Lancet 2001; 358: 257-259.
23. Rasmussen L.M., Ledet T.: Osteoprotegerin and diabetic macroangiopathy. Horm. Metab. Res. 2005; 37(supl. 1): 90-94.
24. Jono S., Ikari Y., Shioi A. et al.: Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 1192-1194.
25. Libby P., Ridker P.M., Maseri A.: Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135-1143.
26. Zhang J., Fu M., Myles D. et al.: PDGF induces osteoprotegerin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by multiple signal pathways. FEBS Lett. 2002; 521: 180-184.
27. Fu M., Zhang J., Lin Y. et al.: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor – inhibits osteoprotegerin gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002; 294: 597-601.
28. Shin J., Shin Y., Chung C.: Elevated serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1664-1666.
29. Xiang G.D., Sun H.L., Zhao L.S. et al.: Changes of osteoprotegerin before and after insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2007; 76: 199-206.
30. Xiang G.D., Xu L., Zhao L.S. et al.: The relationship between plasma osteoprotegerin and endotheliumdependent arterial dilation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55: 2126-2131.
31. Malyankar U.M., Scatena M., Suchland K.L. et al.: Osteoprotegerin is an αvβ3-induced NF-κB–dependent survival factor for endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 20959-20962.
32. Celczynska-Bajew L., Horst-Sikorska W., Bychowiec B. et al.: The effects of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene polymorphism in patients with ischaemic heart disease on the morphology of coronary arteries and bone mineral density. Kardiologia Polska 2011; 69 (6): 573-578.
33. Clancy P., Oliver L., Jayalath R. et al.: Assessment of a serum assay for quantification of abdominal aortic calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006; 26: 2574-2576.
34. Kiechl S., Schett G., Wenning G. et al.: Osteoprotegerin is a risk factor for progressive atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2004; 109: 2175-2180.
35. Schoppet M., Sattler M., Schaefer J. et al.: Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with oronary artery disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003; 88: 1024-1028.
36. Galluzzi F., Stagi S., Salti R. et al.: Osteoprotegerin serum levels in children with type 1 diabetes: a potential modulating role in bone status. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2005; 153: 879-885.
37. Nabipour I., Kalantarhormozi M., Larijani B. et al.: Osteoprotegerin in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Metabolism 2010; 59: 742-747.
38. Semb A.G., Ueland T., Aukrust P. et al.: Osteoprotegerin and Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand and Risk for Coronary Events A Nested Case – Control Approach in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study 1993–2003. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009; 29: 975-980.
39. Anand D.V., Lahiri A., Lim E. et al.: The relationship between plasma osteoprotegerin levels and coronary artery calcification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetic subjects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 1850-1857.
40. Vik A., Mathiesen E.B., Brox J. et al.: Serum osteoprotegerin is a predictor for incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in a general population: \The Tromso Study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2011; 9(4): 638-644.
41. Reinhard H., Lajer M., Gall M.A. et al.: Osteoprotegerin and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(12): 2561-2566.
42. Secchiero P., Corallini F., Beltrami A.P. et al.: An imbalanced OPG/TRAIL ratio is associated to severe acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210: 274-277.
43. Rasmussen L.M., Tarnow L., Hansen T.K. et al.: Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with glycemic status, systolic blood pressure, kidney function and cardiovascular morbidity in type 1 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006; 154: 75-81.
44. Viereck V., Gründker C., Blaschke S. et al.: Atorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 2005; 96(6): 1244-1253.
45. Price P.A., June H.H., Buckley J.R. et al.: Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and vitamin D. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21: 1610-1616.
2. Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L. et al.: Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998; 93: 165-176.
3. Yun T.J., Chaudhary P.M., Shu G.L. et al.: OPG/FDCR-1, a TNF receptor family member, is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40. J. Immunol. 1998; 161: 6113-6121.
4. Tan K.B., Harrop J., Reddy M. et al.: Characterization of a novel TNF-like ligand and recently described TNF ligand and TNF receptor superfamily genes and their constitutive and inducible expression in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Gene 1997; 204: 35-46.
5. Knudsen S.T., Foss C., Poulsen P.L. et al.: Increased plasma concentrations of osteoprotegerin in type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2003; 149: 39-42.
6. Hakeda Y., Kobayashi Y., Yamaguchi K. et al.: Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) directly inhibits bone resorbing activity of isolated mature osteoclasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 251: 796-801.
7. Akatsu T., Murakami T., Nishikawa M. et al.: Osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor suppresses osteoclast survival by interfering in the interaction of stromal cells with osteoclast. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 250: 229-234.
8. Emery J.G., McDonnell P., Burke M.B. et al.: Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 14363-14367.
9. Hofbauer L.C., Shui C., Riggs B.L. et al.: Effects of immunosuppressants on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblastic and coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001; 280: 334-339.
10. Bucay N., Sarosi I., Dunstan C.R. et al.: Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev. 1998; 12(9): 1260-1268.
11. Schoppet M., Al-Fakhri N., Franke F.E. et al.: Localization of osteoprotegerin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in Monckeberg’s sclerosis and atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004; 89: 4104-4112.
12. Niskanen L., Siitonen O., Suhonen M. et al.: Medial artery calcification predicts cardiovascular mortality in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 1252-1256.
13. Lehto S., Niskanen L., Suhonen M. et al.: Medial artery calcification. A neglected harbinger of cardiovascular calcificationsin non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16: 978-983.
14. Jorsal A., Tarnow L., Flyvbjerg A. et al.: Plasma osteoprotegerin levels predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and deterioration of kidney function in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 2100-2107.
15. Browner W., Lui L., Cummings S.: Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures and mortality in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86: 631-637.
16. Hughes A.E., Ralston S.H., Marken J. et al.: Mutations in TNFRSF11A, affecting the signal peptide of RANK, cause familial expansile osteolysis. Nat. Genet. 2000; 24: 45-48.
17. Olesen P., Nguyen K., Wogensen L. et al.: Calcification of human vascular smooth muscle cells: associationswith osteoprotegerin expression and acceleration by high-dose insulin. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007; 292: H1058-H1064.
18. Dhore C.R., Cleutjens J.P., Lutgens E. et al.: Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21: 1998-2003.
19. Olesen P., Ledet T., Rassmusen L.M.: Arterial osteoprotegerin: increased amounts in diabetes and modifiable synthesis from vascular sooth muscle cells by insulin and TNF-alpha. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 561-568.
20. Vaccarezza M., Bortul R., Fadda R. et al.: Increased OPG expression and impaired OPG/TRAIL ratio in the aorta of diabetic rats. Med. Chem. 2007; 4: 387-391.
21. Heinonen S.E., Leppänen P., Kholová I. et al.: Increased atherosclerotic lesion calcification in a novel mouse model combining insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Circ. Res. 2007; 101: 1058-1067.
22. Hofbauer L.C., Schoppet M.: Osteoprotegerin: a link between osteoporosis and arterial calcification? Lancet 2001; 358: 257-259.
23. Rasmussen L.M., Ledet T.: Osteoprotegerin and diabetic macroangiopathy. Horm. Metab. Res. 2005; 37(supl. 1): 90-94.
24. Jono S., Ikari Y., Shioi A. et al.: Serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 1192-1194.
25. Libby P., Ridker P.M., Maseri A.: Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135-1143.
26. Zhang J., Fu M., Myles D. et al.: PDGF induces osteoprotegerin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by multiple signal pathways. FEBS Lett. 2002; 521: 180-184.
27. Fu M., Zhang J., Lin Y. et al.: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor – inhibits osteoprotegerin gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002; 294: 597-601.
28. Shin J., Shin Y., Chung C.: Elevated serum osteoprotegerin levels are associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1664-1666.
29. Xiang G.D., Sun H.L., Zhao L.S. et al.: Changes of osteoprotegerin before and after insulin therapy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2007; 76: 199-206.
30. Xiang G.D., Xu L., Zhao L.S. et al.: The relationship between plasma osteoprotegerin and endotheliumdependent arterial dilation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55: 2126-2131.
31. Malyankar U.M., Scatena M., Suchland K.L. et al.: Osteoprotegerin is an αvβ3-induced NF-κB–dependent survival factor for endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 20959-20962.
32. Celczynska-Bajew L., Horst-Sikorska W., Bychowiec B. et al.: The effects of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene polymorphism in patients with ischaemic heart disease on the morphology of coronary arteries and bone mineral density. Kardiologia Polska 2011; 69 (6): 573-578.
33. Clancy P., Oliver L., Jayalath R. et al.: Assessment of a serum assay for quantification of abdominal aortic calcification. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006; 26: 2574-2576.
34. Kiechl S., Schett G., Wenning G. et al.: Osteoprotegerin is a risk factor for progressive atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2004; 109: 2175-2180.
35. Schoppet M., Sattler M., Schaefer J. et al.: Increased osteoprotegerin serum levels in men with oronary artery disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003; 88: 1024-1028.
36. Galluzzi F., Stagi S., Salti R. et al.: Osteoprotegerin serum levels in children with type 1 diabetes: a potential modulating role in bone status. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2005; 153: 879-885.
37. Nabipour I., Kalantarhormozi M., Larijani B. et al.: Osteoprotegerin in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Metabolism 2010; 59: 742-747.
38. Semb A.G., Ueland T., Aukrust P. et al.: Osteoprotegerin and Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand and Risk for Coronary Events A Nested Case – Control Approach in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study 1993–2003. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009; 29: 975-980.
39. Anand D.V., Lahiri A., Lim E. et al.: The relationship between plasma osteoprotegerin levels and coronary artery calcification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetic subjects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47: 1850-1857.
40. Vik A., Mathiesen E.B., Brox J. et al.: Serum osteoprotegerin is a predictor for incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in a general population: \The Tromso Study. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2011; 9(4): 638-644.
41. Reinhard H., Lajer M., Gall M.A. et al.: Osteoprotegerin and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(12): 2561-2566.
42. Secchiero P., Corallini F., Beltrami A.P. et al.: An imbalanced OPG/TRAIL ratio is associated to severe acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210: 274-277.
43. Rasmussen L.M., Tarnow L., Hansen T.K. et al.: Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with glycemic status, systolic blood pressure, kidney function and cardiovascular morbidity in type 1 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006; 154: 75-81.
44. Viereck V., Gründker C., Blaschke S. et al.: Atorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 2005; 96(6): 1244-1253.
45. Price P.A., June H.H., Buckley J.R. et al.: Osteoprotegerin inhibits artery calcification induced by warfarin and vitamin D. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21: 1610-1616.