Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic pulmonary disease Review article
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Published:
Sep 30, 2015
Keywords:
COPD, coronary artery disease, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, β-blockers, PCI, CABG
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Abstract
The prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is still increasing. Probably, in a very short period COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is major comorbidity in COPD and probably the most frequent and most important disease coexisting with COPD. Morbidity and development of coronary artery disease in patients with COPD are influenced by traditional risk factors, systemic inflammation, hypoxic stress, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, vascular dysfunction, accelerated aging. The similarity of symptoms, potential difficulty during stress test and contraindications for use of several agents during pharmacological stress cause that diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with COPD requires special engagement and vigilency from a doctor. Actual guidelines prepared by GOLD and ESC do not contain detailed information about established optimal treatment of patients with COPD and coronary artery disease. This paper reveals information about epidemiology, etiology of coronary artery disease in patients with COPD and commonly used in these diseases medicaments and invasive treatment according to the outcome.
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Sobieraj , P., Dęmbe , K., Krasnodębski , P., Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska , B., & Krzymień , J. (2015). Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Cardiology in Practice, 9(3), 31-38. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1336
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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5. Feary J., Rodrigues L., Smith C. et al.: Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax 2010; 65: 95.
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8. Sidney S., Sorel M., Quesenberry C.P. Jr et al.: COPD and incident cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and mortality: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Chest 2005; 128: 2068-2075.
9. Sin D.D., Man S.F.: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2005; 2: 8.
10. Reed R.M., Eberlein M., Girgis R.E. et al.: Coronary artery disease is under-diagnosed and under-treated in advanced lung disease. Am. J. Med. 2012; 125: 1228.
11. Mannino D.M., Thorn D., Swensen A. et al.: Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 32: 962-969.
12. Donaldson G.C., Hurst J.R., Smith C.J. et al.: Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2010; 137: 1091.
13. Di Marco F., Verga M., Reggente M. et al.: Anxiety and depression in COPD patients: the roles of gender and disease severity. Respir. Med. 2006; 100: 1767-1774.
14. Sin D.D., Man J.P., Man S.F.: The risk of osteoporosis in Caucasian men and women with obstructive airways disease. Am. J. Med. 2003; 114: 10-14.
15. Ernst P., Baltzan M., Deschenes J. et al.: Low-dose inhaled and nasal corticosteroid use and the risk of cataracts. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27: 1168-1174.
16. Shih H.T., Webb C.R., Conway W.A. et al.: Frequency and significance of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1988; 94(1): 44-48.
17. Basili S., Ferroni P., Vieri M., et al.: Lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atherosclerosis 1999; 147(2): 249-252.
18. Gan W.Q., Man S.F.P., Senthilselvan A. et al.: Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004; 59(7): 574-580.
19. de Torres J.P., Cordoba-Lanus E., López-Aguilar C. et al.: C-reactive protein levels and clinically important predictive outcomes in stable COPD patients. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27(5): 902-907.
20. Dahl M., Vestbo J., Lange P. et al.: C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175(3): 250-255.
21. Lattimore J.-D.L., Wilcox I., Nakhla S. et al.: Repetitive hypoxia increases lipid loading in human macrophages-a potentially atherogenic effect. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179(2): 255-259.
22. Ichikawa H., Flores S., Kvietys P.R. et al.: Molecular mechanisms of anoxia/reoxygenation-induced neutrophil adherence to cultured endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 1997; 81(6): 922-931.
23. Hartmann G., Tschöp M., Fischer R. et al.: High altitude increases circulating interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and C-reactive protein. Cytokine 2000; 12(3): 246-252.
24. Savransky V., Nanayakkara A., Li J. et al.: Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175(12): 1290-1297.
25. Cook S., Togni M., Schaub M.C. et al.: Hess OM High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur. Heart. J. 2006; 27(20): 2387-2393.
26. Volterrani M., Scalvini S., Mazzuero G. et al.: Decreased heart rate variability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1994; 106(5): 1432-1437.
27. Iwamoto H., Yokoyama A., Kitahara Y. et al.: Airfl ow limitation in smokers is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179(1): 35-40.
28. van Gestel Y.R.B.M., Flu W.J., van Kuijk J.P. et al.: Association of COPD with carotid wall intima-media thickness in vascular surgery patients. Respir. Med. 2010; 104(5): 712-716.
29. Barr R.G., Mesia-Vela S., Austin J.H. et al.: Impaired flowmediated dilation is associated with low pulmonary function and emphysema in ex-smokers: the Emphysema and Cancer Action Project (EMCAP) Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176(12): 1200-1207.
30. Eickhoff P., Valipour A., Kiss D. et al.: Determinants of systemic vascular function in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178(12): 1211-1218.
31. Sabit R., Bolton C.E., Edwards P.H. et al.: Arterial stiffness and osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175(12): 1259-1265.
32. Coulson J.M., Rudd J.H., Duckers J.M. et al.: Excessive aortic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an 18 F-FDG PET pilot study. J. Nucl. Med. 2010; 51(9): 1357-1360.
33. Savale L., Chaouat A., Bastuji-Garin S. et al.: Shortened telomeres in circulating leukocytes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179(7): 566-571.
34. Tsuji T., Aoshiba K., Nagai A.: Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174(8): 886-893.
35. Minamino T., Miyauchi H., Yoshida T. et al.: Endothelial cell senescence in human atherosclerosis: role of telomere in endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2002; 105(13): 1541-1544.
36. Bürrig K.F.: The endothelium of advanced arteriosclerotic plaques in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1991; 11(6): 1678-1689.
37. Abroug F., Ouanes-Besbes L., Nciri N. et al.: Association of left-heart dysfunction with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnostic performance of cardiac biomarkers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174: 990.
38. McAllister D.A., Maclay J.D., Mills N.L. et al.: Diagnosis of myocardial infarction following hospitalisation for exacerbation of COPD. Eur. Respir J. 2012; 39: 1097.
39. Søyseth V., Bhatnagar R., Holmedahl N.H. et al.: Acute exacerbation of COPD is associated with fourfold elevation of cardiac troponin T. Heart 2013; 99: 122.
40. Brekke P.H., Omland T., Smith P. et al.: Underdiagnosis of myocardial infarction in COPD – Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) in patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation. Respiratory Medicine 2008; 102: 1243-1247.
41. Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Chorób Płuc dotyczące rozpoznawania i leczenia Przewlekłej Obturacyjnej Choroby Płuc. Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 2014; 3(82): 227-263.
42. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal 2013; 34: 2949-3003.
43. Reid W.D., Yamabayashi C., Goodridge D. et al.: Exercise prescription for hospitalized people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2012; 7: 297.
44. Celli B., Decramer M., Kesten S. et al.: Mortality in the 4-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180: 948.
45. Celli B., Decramer M., Leimer I. et al.: Cardiovascular safety of tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest 2010; 137: 20.
46. Hilleman D.E., Malesker M.A., Morrow L.E. et al.: A systematic review of the cardiovascular risk of inhaled anticholinergics in patients with COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2009; 4: 253.
47. Suissa S., Assimes T., Ernst P.: Inhaled short acting beta agonist use in COPD and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Thorax 2003; 58: 43.
48. Ferguson G.T., Funck-Brentano C., Fischer T. et al.: Cardiovascular safety of salmeterol in COPD. Chest 2003; 123: 1817.
49. Calverley P.M., Anderson J.A., Celli B. et al.: Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results. Thorax 2010; 65: 719.
50. White W.B., Cooke G.E., Kowey P.R. et al.: Cardiovascular safety in patients receiving roflumilast for the treatment of COPD. Chest 2013; 144: 758.
51. Oba Y., Lone N.A.: Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 2013; 7: 13.
52. Foresi A., Cavigioli G., Signorelli G. et al.: Is the use of β-blockers in COPD still an unresolved dilemma? Respiration 2010; 80: 177.
53. Rutten F.H., Zuithoff N.P., Hak E. et al.: Β-blockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010; 170: 880.
54. Au D.H., Bryson C.L., Fan V.S. et al.: Β-blockers as single-agent therapy for hypertension and the risk of mortality among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 2004; 117: 925.
55. Benson M.K., Berrill W.T., Cruickshank J.M. et al.: A comparison of four β-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with asthma. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1978; 5: 415.
56. Fogari R., Zoppi A., Tettamanti F. et al.: Comparative effects of celiprolol, propranolol, oxprenolol, and atenolol on respiratory function in hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Cardiovasc. Drugs. Ther. 1990; 4: 1145.
57. Chazan R.: Atenolol in the treatment of patients with airway obstruction. Pol. Merkur. Lek. 1998; 4: 89.
58. Salpeter S., Ormiston T., Salpeter E.: Cardioselective β-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005; CD003566.
59. Salpeter S.R., Ormiston T.M., Salpeter E.E. et al.: Cardioselective β-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Respir. Med. 2003; 97: 1094.
60. Salpeter S.R., Ormiston T.M., Salpeter E.E.: Cardioselective β-blockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002; 137: 715.
61. van Gestel Y.R., Hoeks S.E., Sin D.D. et al.: Impact of cardioselective β-blockers on mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178: 695.
62. Dransfield M.T., Rowe S.M., Johnson J.E. et al.: Use of beta blockers and the risk of death in hospitalised patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2008; 63: 301.
63. Saleh H.Z., Mohan K., Shaw M. et al.: Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing non-emergent coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012; 42: 108.
64. Samuels L.E., Kaufman M.S., Morris R.J. et al.: Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with COPD. Chest 1998; 113: 878.
65. Michalopoulos A., Geroulanos S., Papadimitriou L. et al.: Mild or moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk in elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. World J. Surg. 2001; 25: 1507.
66. Fuster R.G., Argudo J.A., Albarova O.G. et al.: Prognostic value of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2006; 29: 202.
67. Enriquez J.R., Parikh S.V., Selzer F. et al.: Increased adverse events after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with COPD: insights from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute dynamic registry. Chest 2011; 140: 604.
2. Niepsuj G., Kozielski J., Niepsuj K. et al.: Przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc wśród mieszkańców Zabrza. Wiad. Lek. 2002; 55(supl. 1): 354-359.
3. Enriquez J.R., de Lemos J.A., Parikh S.V. et al.: Association of chronic lung disease with treatments and outcomes patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 2013; 165: 43.
4. Mapel D.W., Dedrick D., Davis K.: Trends and cardiovascular co-morbidities of COPD patients in the Veterans Administration Medical System, 1991-1999. COPD 2005; 2(1): 35-41.
5. Feary J., Rodrigues L., Smith C. et al.: Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax 2010; 65: 95.
6. Calverley P.M., Anderson J.A., Celli B. et al.: Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 775.
7. Anthonisen N.R., Connett J.E., Kiley J.P. et al.: Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1: the Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497-1505.
8. Sidney S., Sorel M., Quesenberry C.P. Jr et al.: COPD and incident cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and mortality: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Chest 2005; 128: 2068-2075.
9. Sin D.D., Man S.F.: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2005; 2: 8.
10. Reed R.M., Eberlein M., Girgis R.E. et al.: Coronary artery disease is under-diagnosed and under-treated in advanced lung disease. Am. J. Med. 2012; 125: 1228.
11. Mannino D.M., Thorn D., Swensen A. et al.: Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 32: 962-969.
12. Donaldson G.C., Hurst J.R., Smith C.J. et al.: Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2010; 137: 1091.
13. Di Marco F., Verga M., Reggente M. et al.: Anxiety and depression in COPD patients: the roles of gender and disease severity. Respir. Med. 2006; 100: 1767-1774.
14. Sin D.D., Man J.P., Man S.F.: The risk of osteoporosis in Caucasian men and women with obstructive airways disease. Am. J. Med. 2003; 114: 10-14.
15. Ernst P., Baltzan M., Deschenes J. et al.: Low-dose inhaled and nasal corticosteroid use and the risk of cataracts. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27: 1168-1174.
16. Shih H.T., Webb C.R., Conway W.A. et al.: Frequency and significance of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1988; 94(1): 44-48.
17. Basili S., Ferroni P., Vieri M., et al.: Lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atherosclerosis 1999; 147(2): 249-252.
18. Gan W.Q., Man S.F.P., Senthilselvan A. et al.: Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004; 59(7): 574-580.
19. de Torres J.P., Cordoba-Lanus E., López-Aguilar C. et al.: C-reactive protein levels and clinically important predictive outcomes in stable COPD patients. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27(5): 902-907.
20. Dahl M., Vestbo J., Lange P. et al.: C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175(3): 250-255.
21. Lattimore J.-D.L., Wilcox I., Nakhla S. et al.: Repetitive hypoxia increases lipid loading in human macrophages-a potentially atherogenic effect. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179(2): 255-259.
22. Ichikawa H., Flores S., Kvietys P.R. et al.: Molecular mechanisms of anoxia/reoxygenation-induced neutrophil adherence to cultured endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 1997; 81(6): 922-931.
23. Hartmann G., Tschöp M., Fischer R. et al.: High altitude increases circulating interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and C-reactive protein. Cytokine 2000; 12(3): 246-252.
24. Savransky V., Nanayakkara A., Li J. et al.: Chronic intermittent hypoxia induces atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175(12): 1290-1297.
25. Cook S., Togni M., Schaub M.C. et al.: Hess OM High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur. Heart. J. 2006; 27(20): 2387-2393.
26. Volterrani M., Scalvini S., Mazzuero G. et al.: Decreased heart rate variability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1994; 106(5): 1432-1437.
27. Iwamoto H., Yokoyama A., Kitahara Y. et al.: Airfl ow limitation in smokers is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179(1): 35-40.
28. van Gestel Y.R.B.M., Flu W.J., van Kuijk J.P. et al.: Association of COPD with carotid wall intima-media thickness in vascular surgery patients. Respir. Med. 2010; 104(5): 712-716.
29. Barr R.G., Mesia-Vela S., Austin J.H. et al.: Impaired flowmediated dilation is associated with low pulmonary function and emphysema in ex-smokers: the Emphysema and Cancer Action Project (EMCAP) Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176(12): 1200-1207.
30. Eickhoff P., Valipour A., Kiss D. et al.: Determinants of systemic vascular function in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178(12): 1211-1218.
31. Sabit R., Bolton C.E., Edwards P.H. et al.: Arterial stiffness and osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175(12): 1259-1265.
32. Coulson J.M., Rudd J.H., Duckers J.M. et al.: Excessive aortic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an 18 F-FDG PET pilot study. J. Nucl. Med. 2010; 51(9): 1357-1360.
33. Savale L., Chaouat A., Bastuji-Garin S. et al.: Shortened telomeres in circulating leukocytes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179(7): 566-571.
34. Tsuji T., Aoshiba K., Nagai A.: Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174(8): 886-893.
35. Minamino T., Miyauchi H., Yoshida T. et al.: Endothelial cell senescence in human atherosclerosis: role of telomere in endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2002; 105(13): 1541-1544.
36. Bürrig K.F.: The endothelium of advanced arteriosclerotic plaques in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1991; 11(6): 1678-1689.
37. Abroug F., Ouanes-Besbes L., Nciri N. et al.: Association of left-heart dysfunction with severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnostic performance of cardiac biomarkers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174: 990.
38. McAllister D.A., Maclay J.D., Mills N.L. et al.: Diagnosis of myocardial infarction following hospitalisation for exacerbation of COPD. Eur. Respir J. 2012; 39: 1097.
39. Søyseth V., Bhatnagar R., Holmedahl N.H. et al.: Acute exacerbation of COPD is associated with fourfold elevation of cardiac troponin T. Heart 2013; 99: 122.
40. Brekke P.H., Omland T., Smith P. et al.: Underdiagnosis of myocardial infarction in COPD – Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS) in patients hospitalised for COPD exacerbation. Respiratory Medicine 2008; 102: 1243-1247.
41. Zalecenia Polskiego Towarzystwa Chorób Płuc dotyczące rozpoznawania i leczenia Przewlekłej Obturacyjnej Choroby Płuc. Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 2014; 3(82): 227-263.
42. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal 2013; 34: 2949-3003.
43. Reid W.D., Yamabayashi C., Goodridge D. et al.: Exercise prescription for hospitalized people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbidities: a synthesis of systematic reviews. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2012; 7: 297.
44. Celli B., Decramer M., Kesten S. et al.: Mortality in the 4-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180: 948.
45. Celli B., Decramer M., Leimer I. et al.: Cardiovascular safety of tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest 2010; 137: 20.
46. Hilleman D.E., Malesker M.A., Morrow L.E. et al.: A systematic review of the cardiovascular risk of inhaled anticholinergics in patients with COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2009; 4: 253.
47. Suissa S., Assimes T., Ernst P.: Inhaled short acting beta agonist use in COPD and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Thorax 2003; 58: 43.
48. Ferguson G.T., Funck-Brentano C., Fischer T. et al.: Cardiovascular safety of salmeterol in COPD. Chest 2003; 123: 1817.
49. Calverley P.M., Anderson J.A., Celli B. et al.: Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results. Thorax 2010; 65: 719.
50. White W.B., Cooke G.E., Kowey P.R. et al.: Cardiovascular safety in patients receiving roflumilast for the treatment of COPD. Chest 2013; 144: 758.
51. Oba Y., Lone N.A.: Efficacy and safety of roflumilast in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 2013; 7: 13.
52. Foresi A., Cavigioli G., Signorelli G. et al.: Is the use of β-blockers in COPD still an unresolved dilemma? Respiration 2010; 80: 177.
53. Rutten F.H., Zuithoff N.P., Hak E. et al.: Β-blockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010; 170: 880.
54. Au D.H., Bryson C.L., Fan V.S. et al.: Β-blockers as single-agent therapy for hypertension and the risk of mortality among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 2004; 117: 925.
55. Benson M.K., Berrill W.T., Cruickshank J.M. et al.: A comparison of four β-adrenoceptor antagonists in patients with asthma. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1978; 5: 415.
56. Fogari R., Zoppi A., Tettamanti F. et al.: Comparative effects of celiprolol, propranolol, oxprenolol, and atenolol on respiratory function in hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Cardiovasc. Drugs. Ther. 1990; 4: 1145.
57. Chazan R.: Atenolol in the treatment of patients with airway obstruction. Pol. Merkur. Lek. 1998; 4: 89.
58. Salpeter S., Ormiston T., Salpeter E.: Cardioselective β-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005; CD003566.
59. Salpeter S.R., Ormiston T.M., Salpeter E.E. et al.: Cardioselective β-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Respir. Med. 2003; 97: 1094.
60. Salpeter S.R., Ormiston T.M., Salpeter E.E.: Cardioselective β-blockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002; 137: 715.
61. van Gestel Y.R., Hoeks S.E., Sin D.D. et al.: Impact of cardioselective β-blockers on mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atherosclerosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178: 695.
62. Dransfield M.T., Rowe S.M., Johnson J.E. et al.: Use of beta blockers and the risk of death in hospitalised patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2008; 63: 301.
63. Saleh H.Z., Mohan K., Shaw M. et al.: Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity on surgical outcomes in patients undergoing non-emergent coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012; 42: 108.
64. Samuels L.E., Kaufman M.S., Morris R.J. et al.: Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with COPD. Chest 1998; 113: 878.
65. Michalopoulos A., Geroulanos S., Papadimitriou L. et al.: Mild or moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk in elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. World J. Surg. 2001; 25: 1507.
66. Fuster R.G., Argudo J.A., Albarova O.G. et al.: Prognostic value of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2006; 29: 202.
67. Enriquez J.R., Parikh S.V., Selzer F. et al.: Increased adverse events after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with COPD: insights from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute dynamic registry. Chest 2011; 140: 604.