Metabolic syndrome – an useless clinical concept? Review article
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Published:
Dec 28, 2016
Keywords:
metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is defined as co-occurrence of metabolic risk factors (abdominal obesity, hypeglicemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension) for both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and identifies patients with higher cardiovascular risk. There are several different definitions of metabolic syndrome. The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components is observed both in Poland and worldwide. This article reveals the most common definitions of metabolic syndrome, epidemiology, describes basic management of metabolic syndrome, especially cardiologic and diabetologic problems and presents principles of risk assessment.
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Sobieraj , P., Dęmbe , K., Krasnodębski , P., Lewandowski , J., Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska , B., & Czupryniak , L. (2016). Metabolic syndrome – an useless clinical concept?. Cardiology in Practice, 10(2), 7-15. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1281
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Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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26. Reiner Z., Catapano A.L., Backer G.D. et al.: ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur. Heart J. 2011; 32: 1769-1818.
27. Lakowska A., Chrostowska M., Szyndler A.: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with essential hypertension – impact of gender. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze 2005; 9(6): 458-462.
28. Polakowska M., Piotrowski W.: Częstość występowania cukrzycy w populacji polskiej. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej 2011; 121(5): 156-163.
29. Cefalu W.T.: American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38(supl. 1), January 2015.
30. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: The 10-year cost-effectiveness of life-style intervention or metformin for diabetes prevention: an intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 723-730.
31. Kahn R., Buse J., Ferrannini E. et al.: The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289-2304.
2. Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J.: Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet. Med. 2006; 23(5): 469-480.
3. Grundy S.M., Brewer H.B. Jr, Cleeman J.I. et al.: Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004; 109(3): 433-438.
4. Alberti K.G., Eckel R.H., Grundy S.M. et al.: Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-1645.
5. Ford E.S.: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(11): 2745-2749.
6. Adams R.J., Appleton S., Wilson D.H. et al.: Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome: implications of the new International Diabetes Federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(11): 2777-2779.
7. Lawlor D.A., Davey Smith A., Ebrahim S.: Does the new International Diabetes Federation definition of the metabolic syndrome predict CHD any more strongly than older definitions? Findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 41-48.
8. Meigs J.B., Rutter M.K., Sullivan L.M. et al.: Impact of insulin resistance on risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1219.
9. DeFronzo R.A., Ferrannini E.: Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 173.
10. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., Dietz W.H.: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287: 356.
11. Wilson P.W., D’Agostino R.B., Parise H. et al.: Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2005; 112: 3066-3072.
12. Zdrojewski T., Rutkowski M., Bandosz P., Gaciong Z.: Prevalence and control of cardiovascular risk factors in Poland. Assumptions and objectives of the NATPOL 2011 Survey. Kardiol. Pol. 2013; 71(4): 381-392.
13. Tykarski A., Narkiewicz N., Gaciong Z. et al.: 2015 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Arterial Hypertens. 2015; 19(2): 53-83.
14. Sygnowska E., Piwońska A., Waśkiewicz A., Broda G.: Socioeconomic factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome in the adult Polish population: the WOBASZ study. Kardiol. Pol. 2012; 70(7): 718-727.
15. Mancia G., Fagard R., Narkiewicz K. et al.: 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J. Hypertens. 2013; 31: 1281-1357.
16. Esposito K., Marfella R., Ciotola M. et al.: Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 1440-1446.
17. Azadbakht L., Mirmiran P., Esmaillzadeh A. et al.: Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2823-2831.
18. Ryden L., Grant P.J., Anker S.D. et al.: ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur. Heart J. 2013; 34: 3035-3087.
19. Després J.P., Pouliot M.C., Moorjani S. et al.: Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 261: E159-167.
20. Ma Y., Olendzki B.C., Wang J. et al.: Single-component versus multicomponent dietary goals for the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015; 162: 248.
21. Drygas W., Sakłak W., Kwaśniewska M. et al.: Epidemiology of physical activity in adult Polish population in the second decade of the 21st century. Results of the NATPOL 2011 study. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2013; 26(6): 846-855.
22. Couillard C., Després J.P., Lamarche B. et al.: Effects of endurance exercise training on plasma HDL cholesterol levels depend on levels of triglycerides: evidence from men of the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21(7): 1226-1232.
23. Sigal R.J., Kenny G.P., Wasserman D.H. et al.: Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(6): 1433-1438.
24. Blair S.N.: Evidence for success of exercise in weight loss and control. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993; 119(7 Pt 2): 702-706.
25. Klein S., Fontana L., Young V.L. et al.: Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 2549.
26. Reiner Z., Catapano A.L., Backer G.D. et al.: ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Eur. Heart J. 2011; 32: 1769-1818.
27. Lakowska A., Chrostowska M., Szyndler A.: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with essential hypertension – impact of gender. Nadciśnienie Tętnicze 2005; 9(6): 458-462.
28. Polakowska M., Piotrowski W.: Częstość występowania cukrzycy w populacji polskiej. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej 2011; 121(5): 156-163.
29. Cefalu W.T.: American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38(supl. 1), January 2015.
30. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: The 10-year cost-effectiveness of life-style intervention or metformin for diabetes prevention: an intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/DPPOS. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 723-730.
31. Kahn R., Buse J., Ferrannini E. et al.: The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289-2304.