Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications in patients with neoplastic disease Review article
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Published:
Dec 31, 2020
Keywords:
neoplasmic disease, deep vein thrombosis, thromboprophylaxis, antithrombotic treatment, unfractioned heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, new oral anticoagulants, vitamin K antagonists
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Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is one of the more common complications associated with neoplastic disease. It concerns 20% of patients with an active neoplastic process. Patients with hematological, digestive, respiratory and brain neoplasms are particularly at high risk of developing VTE. Appropriate prophylaxis based on an individual assessment of the benefits and risks can prevent VTE, and in the event of its occurrence, it enables the reduction of its consequences and recurrences. In the prophylaxis and anticoagulation therapy, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), unfractionated heparin (UFH) and oral drugs: vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are included
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Strzelczyk , J., & Strzyżewska , P. (2020). Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic complications in patients with neoplastic disease. Cardiology in Practice, 14(3-4), 3-14. Retrieved from https://journalsmededu.pl/index.php/kwp/article/view/1161
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Pharmacology in cardiological practice
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright: © Medical Education sp. z o.o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Address reprint requests to: Medical Education, Marcin Kuźma (marcin.kuzma@mededu.pl)
References
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13. Rickles FR. Mechanisms of cancer-induced thrombosis in cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006; 35(1-2): 103-10.
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16. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(6): 809-15.
17. Horowitz N, Brenner B. Thrombophilia and cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2008; 36(3-4): 131-6.
18. Carrier M, Le Gal G, Wells PS et al. Systematic review: the Trousseau syndrome revisited: should we screen extensively for cancer in patients with venous thromboembolism? Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149(5): 323-33.
19. Khorana AA. Targeted prophylaxis in cancer: the evidence accumulates. Intern Emerg Med. 2013; 8(3): 187-9.
20. Navi BB, Reiner AS, Kamel H et al. Risk of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70(8): 926-38.
21. Sundbøll J, Veres K, Horváth-Puhó E et al. Risk and prognosis of cancer after lower limb arterial thrombosis. Circulation. 2018; 138(7): 669-77.
22. Brenner B, Bikdeli B, Tzoran I et al; RIETE Investigators. Arterial ischemic events are a major complication in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. Am J Med. 2018; 131: 1095-103.
23. Grilz E, Königsbrügge O, Posch F et al. Frequency, risk factors, and impact on mortality of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Haematologica. 2018; 103: 1549-56.
24. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(5): 496-520.
25. Khorana AA, Soff GA, Kakkar AK et al; CASSINI Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 720-8.
26. Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Mallick R et al; AVERT Investigators. Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(8): 711-9.
27. Lee AYY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(2): 146-53.
28. Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P et al; Hokusai VTE Cancer Investigators. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(7): 615-24.
29. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor With Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer With Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(20): 2017-23.
30. McBane R II, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy associated venous thromboembolism. The ADAM VTE Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2017; 117(10): 1952-61.
31. Bauersachs R. Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: Potential for drug-drug interactions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018; 132: 169-79.
32. Ay C, Beyer-Westendorf J, Pabinger I. Treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in the age of direct oral anticoagulants. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30(6): 897-907.
33. Tassinari D, Santelmo C, Scarpi E et al. Controversial issues in thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparins in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008; 36: e3-e4.
34. Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012; 141(suppl 2): 152-84.
35. Akl EA, Kahale L, Barba M et al. Anticoagulation for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 8: CD006650.
36. White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003; 107: 14-8.
37. Tomkowski WZ, Dybowska M, Kuca P et al. Effect of a public awareness campaign on the incidence of symptomatic objectively confirmed deep vein thrombosis: A controlled study. J Thromb Haemost. 2012; 10: 2287-90.
38. Hull RD, Pineo GF, Brant RF et al. Long-term low-molecular-weight heparin versus usual care in proximal-vein thrombosis patients with cancer. Am J Med. 2006; 119: 1062-72.
39. Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J et al. Comparison of low molecular weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 1729-35.
40. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al. Randomized comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin versus oral anticoagulant therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer (CLOT) investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 146-53.
41. Deitcher SR, Kessler CM, Merli G et al; ONCENOX Investigators. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic events in patients with active cancer: enoxaparin alone versus initial enoxaparin followed by warfarin for a 180-day period. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006; 12: 389-96.
42. Hutten BA, Prins MH, Gent M et al. Incidence of recurrent thromboembolic and bleeding complications among patients with venous thromboembolism in relation to both malignancy and achieved international normalized ratio: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 3078-83.
43. Francis CW, Kessler CM, Goldhaber SZ et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with dalteparin for up to 12 months: the DALTECAN Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2015; 13: 1028-35.
44. Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost. 2010; 8: 2450-7.
45. Elyamany G, Alzahrani AM, Bukhary E. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: An Overview. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2014; 8: 129-37.
2. Hakoum MB, Kahale LA, Tsolakian IG et al. Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 1(1): CD006649.
3. Wojtukiewicz MZ, Sierko E, Tomkowski W et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism non-surgically treated cancer patients. Oncol Clin Pract. 2016; 12(3): 67-91.
4. Dallos MC, Eisenberger AB, Bates SE. Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Pancreatic Cancer: Breaking Down a Complex Clinical Dilemma. The Oncologist. 2020; 25(2): 132-9.
5. Pritchard ER, Murillo JR Jr, Putney D et al. Single-center, retrospective evaluation of safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants versus low-molecular- weight heparin and vitamin K antagonist in patients with cancer. J Oncol Pharm Practice. 2019; 25(1): 52-9.
6. Zawilska K. Profilaktyka i leczenie żylnych powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych u pacjentów z chorobą nowotworową. Hematologia. 2014; 5(3): 228-38.
7. Leizorovicz A, Cohen AT, Turpie AG et al; PREVENT Medical Thromboprophylaxis Study Group. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dalteparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients. Circulation. 2004; 110: 874-9.
8. Cohen AT, Davidson BL, Gallus AS et al. Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in older acute medical patients: randomized placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2006; 332: 325-9.
9. Windyga J. Profilaktyka i leczenie żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej u pacjentów chorych na nowotwór złośliwy niepoddawanych operacjom chirurgicznym. Nowotwory J Oncol. 2015; 65: 257-65.
10. Karimi M, Cohan N. Cancer-associated thrombosis. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2010; 4: 78-82.
11. Mackman N. Role of tissue factor in hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 1015-22.
12. Kakkar AK, DeRuvo N, Chinswangwatanakul V et al. Extrinsic-pathway activation in cancer with high factor VIIa and tissue factor. Lancet. 1995; 346(8981): 1004-5.
13. Rickles FR. Mechanisms of cancer-induced thrombosis in cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2006; 35(1-2): 103-10.
14. Rumbaut RE, Thiagarajan P. Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions in Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, San Rafael 2010: 35-41.
15. Khorana AA, Liebman HA, White RH et al. The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. Alexandria, VA: American Society of Clinical Oncology. ASCO Educational Book 2008: 240-8.
16. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(6): 809-15.
17. Horowitz N, Brenner B. Thrombophilia and cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2008; 36(3-4): 131-6.
18. Carrier M, Le Gal G, Wells PS et al. Systematic review: the Trousseau syndrome revisited: should we screen extensively for cancer in patients with venous thromboembolism? Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149(5): 323-33.
19. Khorana AA. Targeted prophylaxis in cancer: the evidence accumulates. Intern Emerg Med. 2013; 8(3): 187-9.
20. Navi BB, Reiner AS, Kamel H et al. Risk of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70(8): 926-38.
21. Sundbøll J, Veres K, Horváth-Puhó E et al. Risk and prognosis of cancer after lower limb arterial thrombosis. Circulation. 2018; 138(7): 669-77.
22. Brenner B, Bikdeli B, Tzoran I et al; RIETE Investigators. Arterial ischemic events are a major complication in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism. Am J Med. 2018; 131: 1095-103.
23. Grilz E, Königsbrügge O, Posch F et al. Frequency, risk factors, and impact on mortality of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Haematologica. 2018; 103: 1549-56.
24. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(5): 496-520.
25. Khorana AA, Soff GA, Kakkar AK et al; CASSINI Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 720-8.
26. Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Mallick R et al; AVERT Investigators. Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380(8): 711-9.
27. Lee AYY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al; Randomized Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer (CLOT) Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(2): 146-53.
28. Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P et al; Hokusai VTE Cancer Investigators. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(7): 615-24.
29. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor With Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer With Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(20): 2017-23.
30. McBane R II, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy associated venous thromboembolism. The ADAM VTE Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2017; 117(10): 1952-61.
31. Bauersachs R. Direct oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: Potential for drug-drug interactions. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018; 132: 169-79.
32. Ay C, Beyer-Westendorf J, Pabinger I. Treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in the age of direct oral anticoagulants. Ann Oncol. 2019; 30(6): 897-907.
33. Tassinari D, Santelmo C, Scarpi E et al. Controversial issues in thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparins in palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008; 36: e3-e4.
34. Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM et al. Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012; 141(suppl 2): 152-84.
35. Akl EA, Kahale L, Barba M et al. Anticoagulation for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 8: CD006650.
36. White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003; 107: 14-8.
37. Tomkowski WZ, Dybowska M, Kuca P et al. Effect of a public awareness campaign on the incidence of symptomatic objectively confirmed deep vein thrombosis: A controlled study. J Thromb Haemost. 2012; 10: 2287-90.
38. Hull RD, Pineo GF, Brant RF et al. Long-term low-molecular-weight heparin versus usual care in proximal-vein thrombosis patients with cancer. Am J Med. 2006; 119: 1062-72.
39. Meyer G, Marjanovic Z, Valcke J et al. Comparison of low molecular weight heparin and warfarin for the secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 1729-35.
40. Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al. Randomized comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin versus oral anticoagulant therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer (CLOT) investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 146-53.
41. Deitcher SR, Kessler CM, Merli G et al; ONCENOX Investigators. Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic events in patients with active cancer: enoxaparin alone versus initial enoxaparin followed by warfarin for a 180-day period. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2006; 12: 389-96.
42. Hutten BA, Prins MH, Gent M et al. Incidence of recurrent thromboembolic and bleeding complications among patients with venous thromboembolism in relation to both malignancy and achieved international normalized ratio: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 3078-83.
43. Francis CW, Kessler CM, Goldhaber SZ et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with dalteparin for up to 12 months: the DALTECAN Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2015; 13: 1028-35.
44. Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost. 2010; 8: 2450-7.
45. Elyamany G, Alzahrani AM, Bukhary E. Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: An Overview. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2014; 8: 129-37.